Author: Academia Plus

A platform for STEM students who want to grow beyond Academia.
Science In Context

Sleep Pattern in Animals

Academia Plus

Sleep that knits up the ravell’d sleave of care,
The death of each day’s life, sore labor’s bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great nature’s second course,
Chief nourisher in life’s feast.

-William Shakespeare, Macbeth

Sleep is a universal phenomenon that takes various forms across the spectrum of life, from the simplest bacteria to the most complex mammals. Yet, the mechanisms and purposes of sleep are as diverse as the organisms themselves. Let’s delve into the intriguing ways different creatures rest and rejuvenate.

Bacteria – do not sleep in the way multicellular organisms do. They may exhibit periods of dormancy or reduced metabolic activity, but this is not considered sleep. Moving up the complexity ladder, plants don’t sleep either. While plants like Mimosa pudica exhibit circadian rhythms, adjusting their movements and metabolic processes in response to the day-night cycle, they do not truly sleep. This concept was demonstrated by de Mairan’s experiments which showed that these plants have quiescent stages during the night.

In a fascinating study in 2020, Kanasa et al. show that Hydra, simple organisms with decentralized nerve nets, exhibit sleep-like states characterized by stillness and reduced responsiveness to stimuli. These behaviours, which follow an ultradian rhythm of about four hours, involve key neurotransmitters like GABA, melatonin, and dopamine, highlighting an ancient sleep mechanism.

Jellyfish, with their primitive neural organization, also exhibit sleep-like states. Caltech researchers observed that jellyfish pulse slowly at night, and disruptions in this pattern lead to sleep deprivation, indicating that even simple organisms may need rest for survival.

Flatworms display nocturnal behaviours likely to avoid predators and optimize feeding. They possess clock genes similar to the TIM gene in other organisms and exhibit a restful, motionless stage without the same need for sleep seen in more complex animals.

Snails exhibit unique sleep patterns, often entering a state known as aestivation and hibernation, closing their shells with a structure called the operculum. Research by Kengo et al. (2024) show that sleep-like states in snails aid memory consolidation, demonstrating that sleep serves critical functions even in these simple creatures.

Pacific Ocean oysters, despite lacking eyes, exhibit disrupted circadian rhythms under artificial light, affecting their clock genes. This highlights the impact of environmental cues on sleep-like behaviours in marine life.

Octopuses show sleep stages (Quiescent sleep and Active sleep) akin to humans, including periods of colour changes and skin patterning, suggesting possible dreaming. These behaviours, influenced by neuropeptide signalling and melatonin production, indicate complex sleep patterns.

Ants follow a strict circadian rhythm, taking short naps totalling about 4 hours and 48 minutes of sleep per day. Soldier ants, however, can sleep deeply for more than 8 hours, showing variability in sleep needs within a species. Fruit flies and cockroaches sleep in such a way that their antenna becomes immobile, and interestingly, they sleep like they are glued to the surface.

Birds have adapted their sleep for flight and survival. Alpine swifts and frigate birds use unihemispheric sleep while in flight, alternating between short bursts of sleep and wakefulness, while penguins sleep using both unihemispheric and bihemispheric slow-wave sleep, adapting to extreme cold by tucking their heads. Looking at the parrots huddling together, the right and left ones are unlucky, because they don’t sleep with their both brains shut. If they receive any signals like a predation attack, they make the in-between birds to alert and fly off.

Marine mammals such as Fur Seals sleep with one hemisphere of their brain, one part of the body becomes inactive and swims over the ocean with only one flipper. While elephant seals exhibit deep NREM sleep underwater with both hemispheres shut. They sleep in such a way and enter into different sleep stages as depicted in the picture.

Thus, we can see that the need for rest and sleep transcends the complexity of the organism, showcasing an incredible array of adaptations and behaviours. From the simplest bacteria to the most complex mammals, each organism has evolved unique mechanisms to balance activity and rest, ensuring survival and functionality in their respective environments. Sleep, in its myriad forms, remains one of nature’s most fascinating and essential phenomena.
Robinson Mohanraj Writer

Disclaimer: The content of this article is meant for educational and creative purposes only, and will not be directly used for generation of profits. All rights and responsibilities, including the authenticity of the information presented in this article belong to the original authors and their publications (listed below in the Bibliography section), and there is no copyright infringement intended.

Bibliography

Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 33

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Priyanka Lahiri, who is a scientist at Genentech and also a volunteer for STEMpeers, a networking community for researchers in STEM.

In this candid chat, she talks about her journey in research and how her volunteering experiences helped her to navigate her transition from academia to industry. She shares some advice on networking and emphasizes on the importance of finding mentorship and taking care of one’s mental health during research.

What inspired you to pursue a career in STEM and how did you overcome any obstacles that you may have faced?

When I started my journey with a Bachelor’s in Microbiology I was still figuring out what to do. The obvious step was to continue and do a master’s. I encountered a life changing moment in my life with the loss of my loved one which helped me think about what I wanted to do in my life in terms of my career. I wanted to help cancer patients worldwide because of personal loss in my family and I felt like this is the way forward- doing a PhD, working in a drug discovery area and so on. The motivation to do something for people who are battling cancer was an inspiration for me and that is what kept me going. 

Thankfully my family has always been supportive. They have been my strength and given me the freedom to choose what I want to pursue. But I think it’s very important for anyone who is pursuing a career in STEM to have a clear goal. If you have a clear vision, then you will be able to deal with all the challenges. Other than that, keeping yourself busy, pursuing your passion and involving yourself in extracurricular activities to recharge and take some time out is very important.

Please tell us about your research experience and the challenges that you faced during your PhD.

I got into Indian Institute of Science(IISc) Bangalore through a lot of hardwork and also some luck I feel. I didn’t make it there the first time, but I always wanted to pursue my PhD from IISc. I did a 1-year research project in IISc before I transitioned to do my PhD after my masters. I was lucky to be working in a lab that gave me the exposure to work in an area that I was interested in. My guide always motivated me to work on different projects. I think two things play a role if you want to finish your PhD on time. One is your project and secondly the support of your guide. 

Another thing that I realized when I spoke with my peers in IISc was – the most difficult and challenging part of a PhD was the project not being completely defined. There were students who ended up working on different projects that didn’t end up being a complete story and I know people in their third and fourth year, who started a new project because their initial project did not work. So, if the guide does not have a clear vision about the project then that is also a problem. Anyone who is interviewing for a PhD no matter which institute – whether IISc or any other institute, should have a very clear conversation with their mentor about the research project they would be pursuing in their lab.

How has having research experience helped you before doing PhD ?

During my masters I got a research fellowship where I worked at All India Institute of Medical Science(AIIMS). That was my first exposure to research during which I realized that this is something I like to do.  After my masters I got selected for PhD at National Institute of Immunology(NII) but I always dreamt of going to IISc for my research. I got the opportunity to work on a research project at IISc, before I jumped into PhD.  That one year research project was quite eye opening during which I realized what it takes to do a PhD. I worked alongside PhD students, I did the long hours, I wrote papers and that actually made me realize that I am okay and I am willing to do this because I liked the work that I did. These were the things that the one year research project did open my eyes to. 

My suggestion to anyone wanting to pursue PhD- if you have the opportunity to do a research project or get a summer internship, do give it a chance and try and understand what it is before jumping into the boat and then realizing halfway through that this was not meant for you. Do a research project and realize what it takes to do a PhD and the path forward. 

How did you decide your research interest?

The way IISc operates is that you get your GATE/NET fellowship,and based on the GATE/NET rank, one is called for an interview. The general interview process includes two stages and once passing both rounds, you get to choose a mentor. However, it is also equally important that the mentor chooses you as well, that’s how it works. When I reached out to my guide, he was equally willing to work with me. We discussed the project I was going to work with and gladly, it was related to cancer and designing peptide drugs,which got me really interested. I ended up doing my PhD in Peptide Chemical Biology and got to engineer peptide-based drugs for both cancer and infectious disease targets. Additionally, as the lab was new and I was officially the first student, it gave me a lot of exposure to get trained by my PI directly.

While doing my PhD I got exposed to different areas of research. I always wanted to join the industry because I work in drug discovery which has more opportunities in industry. I chose my postdoc in such a way that it had relevance in industry so that I could  get trained in that area and move forward from there. 

According to you, why is doing a Postdoc is considered as the next obvious step after PhD?

While you don’t need a PhD to join industry but to rise the ranks in an industry and be in leadership positions you may need a PhD. PhD is more mentor driven. Postdoc is mostly individualistic work where you lead a project. That is seen as an independent contribution, and therefore Postdoc is considered work experience after a PhD, by the industry. What happens in a postdoc is that you are an individual contributor and you drive your own project in different ways possible and end up working on paper. During PhD you are more focused on the one particular project you are working on and getting it done.  When people opt for a  postdoc, they start exploring other careers as well- like a scientist in the industry, a professor in academia, consulting, patent law, entrepreneurship etc. During PhD you are always focused on one goal, but during postdoc you work on your project and  also have the time to explore other careers. 

How is doing research in industry different from doing research in academia?

Industry is more target driven because that’s where the money is coming from.  You solely are not responsible for one project; there is always a team you are working alongside with. In PhD and postdoc you have the chance to explore your scientific side, go to any direction you are interested in and pursue that. In industry the work is very project-oriented and specific. Any project or any idea that you are willing to explore should contribute to the final outcome of the research. Another important thing in the industry are the strict timelines, which is why there are multiple people involved on a single project. One has to  deliver a project within a particular timeline as somebody else’ work might be dependent upon yours.  In academia, nobody is waiting on you for your work. So, one gets more of a free hand in academia as compared to industry. 

Are PhDs and postdocs too specialized for industry jobs? What advice would you like to give to people who want to join the industry?

In industry there are two mindsets I believe. One where you are told that you are too specialized in one particular area. Another is that you have good expertise and your contribution would be significantly valued. Most people join after PhD because some industries do consider PhD as experience especially when you have been in that research area. Industry is also willing to take people who are fresh out of PhD and open to learn. In industry it is very important to have an open mindset to work in any area. Being adaptive and receptive is one of the key factors.  

In my case when I joined Genentech, my postdoc was considered as experience during which I worked on different techniques as compared to my PhD. So the experience during my postdoc helped me transition. If someone wants to change their area of research they use postdoc as a stepping stone so they can move into that area in industry. That was my strategy. I knew I wanted to work in that area. Also coming from India and navigating the visa challenges in the US, postdoc was an easy route that helped me gain experience and move into Industry. You have to read the job description very thoroughly, understand what you would bring to that role, and connect with the hiring managers to understand if you are the right fit for the role. 

Please tell us about your experience at STEMPeers. What motivates you to contribute as a volunteer for STEMPeers and how it is helping you in your professional journey?

STEMpeers is a non-profit organization that I am very proud to be associated with, since 2018. I feel the need to stay connected with people who are working in the industry or academic lab and one of the ways to do this is to be a part of the organization who are doing this. STEMPeers was one of those communities. It was started with fellow IIScians, who were navigating the challenges in their research journey, either in academia or industry, in US. Today we are more than 25000+ members from different areas of research from different parts of the world. There is a core set of leadership groups, who outside of their regular jobs, volunteer to help people. 

One of the things STEMpeers helped me with was to find a mentor who helped me with my CV and pitch myself to my prospective postdoc advisor. It also helped me navigate the challenges that one usually faces when one moves to the US for the first time. I was very lucky to find a mentor who – helped me with finding a house, understanding the visa issues, building my network, pushed me to volunteer and helped me understand how I can transition to industry. Eventually, I became an active volunteer. I started talking to people, exploring different areas. I interviewed people who are in patent law, consulting. I did a consulting casebook to understand which career is right for me. Through this platform I got connected with a huge network of people in different areas, and they were just willing to give their time to help other people. Also, STEMPeers has a very niche venture called Gurukul devoted solely to people looking to transition from academia to industry and needs help with CV building, networking, interview preparation, etc. The venture is a mentor-mentee driven program, where the mentor guides you from navigating your job searches to landing a job! However, it is important to keep in mind that a mentor will guide you, but the real work is done by the individual itself. So, if the individual is devoted, he will surely achieve his goal.

Recently I was given the opportunity to organize the STEMpeers 2023 conference, where I was the program management lead and responsible for designing the program and its panelists, along with my amazing team. This helped me network with a wide variety of panelists, who are at different levels in industry. Besides that, one gets to build a social connection and build perspective on different career paths like entrepreneurship. Being a volunteer, it not only benefited me but  also made me happy that I was able to help others in the process. I feel like anyone who wants to transition or is just willing to expand their network, should be a part of STEMPeers. The motto of the organization is to “just pay it forward”. There is no monetary gain. Everyone devotes their own personal time for the benefit of other people. 

What advice would you like to give to students who are considering a career in STEM? 

The first advice would be that they have to be very proactive about their career. If there is a research area that you like, pursue it to your fullest capability. Don’t do anything because of peer pressure. Also understanding which environment is right for your growth is very important. If the organization does not support your growth, then it is better to leave it. I have known many of my friends who were very brave to leave the toxic environment and start their PhD again in an environment that was well supportive of their behavior.

Another advice is to be very persistent. There will be times when you will not feel motivated but it’s important to show up and keep trying. There will be a day when you will go through imposter syndrome like- Do I really know anything? I still have such thoughts at times. But at that time you need to accept that you need support. Being open to receiving help and having a peer support group will help you a lot to navigate through difficult times. Be proactive, persistent, find your own support group. 

Understand that some opportunities may not bear fruit right now but will be very helpful at a later stage. Not everything can be for profit. Some things are just done to build a network and maybe that will pay off down the years. 

The biggest mistake made by PhDs and Postdocs is that if they want a job, they immediately jump in and start asking for references. It doesn’t work that way. You have to invest your time in building a network. I always advise people that if you know your journey, start building a network at the earliest. It’s a long process. Being very aware of what you want is very important. 

What can organizations and institutions do to create a more inclusive environment for people pursuing research?

While I was in India I wasn’t aware about other areas in which I could make a career because there was no exposure given to it. Most of the people that I had interacted with felt that academia is the way to go and anything else is not worth it. I feel organizations and institutes in India should work towards developing a career forum. Secondly for women it’s important to have an unbiased group of people where they can go and talk to. There should be a women support team to hear out their problems and take strict actions against any abuser. 

In your opinion, what changes would benefit the way research is conducted today and why?

As I mentioned earlier- having a clear vision for your project. Having done research in India I have seen in my peers, the clear vision of a project is missing. In science it is very important to know if we are asking the right question. Secondly, having a mentor that will help you build an independent career. Even though I received good training during my PhD I would have loved to receive more mentorship. One of the things I feel is that in India people are very secretive about their own science and that I feel is something that needs to change. Science should be shared, as the more you share the more you learn. 
Siddhi Bodke Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 32

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Surya Sekhar Pal, who is an aspiring PhD student and currently working in the field of translational biomedical sciences.

In this candid chat, he talks in detail about his academic journey so far, spanning across three continents and sheds light upon how his experiences of working in India, Germany and USA have shaped his personal and professional growth. 

Could you tell us more about your current position at Georgia State University?

When I was hired at GSU, I had just come from Germany, where I was working in the field of tropical medicine. The lab at GSU has a direct collaboration with a biopharmaceutical company, which played a significant role in my hiring process. Based on this collaboration, I was hired as a skilled personnel, and the necessary visa support was provided to facilitate my employment.

I also wish to pursue my Ph.D. in collaboration with the biopharmaceutical company that has a direct partnership with GSU. This setup allows me to pursue my studies in an environment that has a unique blend of academic and industrial research, providing practical relevance to my studies. It offers me an opportunity to work on real-world problems and contribute to advancements in the field while benefiting from the resources and expertise of both the academic institution and the industry partner.

How and when did you realize that your passion was in research, despite having pursued a technological degree at the undergraduate level?

I completed my B. Tech degree in biotechnology from SRM University and subsequently undertook an internship at Biocon. It was during this time that I developed a strong desire to pursue my higher studies abroad. I observed that international universities offer specialized programs in fields like molecular biology and biochemistry, unlike in India where the focus is more on technological courses like M. Tech. As a result, I decided to apply to universities in Germany, and I was fortunate to be accepted into a biochemistry program at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen. The program aligned well with my subject of interest and included relevant modules. This led me to continue my studies in Germany, where the degree is typically referred to as an MS (Master of Science). Given my preference to explore studies outside India, pursuing an MS degree in Germany seemed like the logical choice for me.

What were some of the key factors or considerations that influenced your decision to specialize in molecular virology considering the fact that you pursued biotechnology at an undergraduate level and biochemistry during your postgraduate studies?

During my master’s program in biochemistry, virology was not included in the curriculum. However, my interest in virology sparked when I had the opportunity to work in tropical medicine for nearly six months. During this time, I collaborated with CureVac in Tübingen, Germany, where I was involved in virus-related research. This experience ignited my passion for working with viruses.

When I received an offer from GSU and the collaborating company, I was thrilled to embark on this new opportunity. Although I didn’t have extensive expertise in virology, the techniques I had previously learned during my master’s program and subsequent work aligned with the requirements of the lab here. Techniques such as flow cytometry, western blot, and animal handling were familiar to me, and the lab also utilized similar mammalian cell culture techniques.

Whether it’s working with bacteria or delving into virology, the foundation of basic laboratory techniques remains the same. This made the transition smooth and manageable. With a solid understanding of fundamental lab techniques, switching between different areas of research is easier.

In your LinkedIn profile, you mentioned that you worked as an intern volunteer at Biocon. Could you provide an insight into the experience and responsibilities the post entails, and why you chose to do it? Also, how is the experience different from that of an internship?

During my internship, Biocon organized various volunteering activities in which I actively participated. One such activity involved the restoration of Hebbagodi Lake in Electronic City, Bangalore, which was led by our lab. Additionally, I took part in a campaign organized by another agency. The term “intern volunteer” refers to the participation in these voluntary initiatives during the internship. These activities were an integral part of the internship experience.

I was assigned to the Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) department at Biocon. As a bachelor’s student, I had a strong desire to work at Biocon, but the company had stopped conducting campus interviews since 2017, so I applied externally. When I was offered the internship, there were no vacancies in the molecular biology or microbiology labs, but I was offered a position in EHS, which had connections to molecular biology through the life cycle analysis of raw materials used in insulin manufacturing. This provided me with exposure to the field of biology. I saw it as an opportunity to enter Biocon and accepted the internship role. For the first five months, I primarily worked in the EHS department, visiting the molecular biology lab twice a week. In the final month I had the opportunity to work with HPLC instruments and engage in biological work. Overall, the six-month internship at Biocon provided me with valuable hands-on experience in both EHS and molecular biology.

I understand that you made the decision to move abroad after completing your undergraduate studies. Can you tell us about the factors that influenced this decision?

The decision to move abroad after my undergraduate studies was influenced by several factors. First and foremost, I had a keen interest in pursuing a master’s degree in the pharmaceutical industry. 

However, when I looked at the salary prospects at some renowned companies in this field, the compensation seemed to be quite low for my expectations. Even with a Ph.D., the salary only showed an incremental increase.  This made me contemplate the idea of exploring opportunities abroad.

Moreover, I had colleagues and friends who were already working, and they shared similar sentiments. They emphasized that pursuing a career in the same field abroad would offer significantly higher compensation and better growth prospects compared to India.

Considering these insights, I decided to explore the option of studying and working abroad. The international scope and the nature of the work seemed more promising and appealing to me. I believed that by venturing abroad, I could broaden my horizons, gain exposure to cutting-edge research, and access advanced resources, ultimately contributing to a fulfilling career in the pharmaceutical industry.

So, all of these factors collectively motivated me to apply abroad and eventually led to my decision to move and settle in a foreign country. It has been an enriching experience so far, and I’m excited about the opportunities that lie ahead.

How do you leverage your extensive experience across different regions of South East Asia, Europe, and America to help researchers and biotechnology students?

Working in different countries has provided me with valuable insights into the variations in research practices, work culture, and educational systems.  In light of the research scenarios in India, Europe, Japan, and the United States, I have observed significant differences in the cultural nuances, work patterns, work-life balance, and hiring practices. When students or researchers approach me with questions about cultural differences, work environments, or education systems, I am able to provide them with detailed explanations based on my first-hand experiences. For example, I can discuss the distinct working patterns, work-life balance, and educational approaches in America compared to European countries. I also draw from my knowledge of the biotechnology landscape in India and Japan, having worked and collaborated there. This enables me to categorize and explain the nuances of education, work experience, and research in different regions, helping students and researchers make informed decisions.

How do you leverage your extensive experience across different regions of South East Asia, Europe, and America to help researchers and biotechnology students? Have these experiences influenced your professional development and shaped your perspective as a global scientist?

Working in different countries has provided me with valuable insights into the variations in research practices, work culture, and educational systems.  In light of the research scenarios in India, Europe, Japan, and the United States, I have observed significant differences in the cultural nuances, work patterns, work-life balance, and hiring practices. When students or researchers approach me with questions about cultural differences, work environments, or education systems, I am able to provide them with detailed explanations based on my first-hand experiences. For example, I can discuss the distinct working patterns, work-life balance, and educational approaches in America compared to European countries. I also draw from my knowledge of the biotechnology landscape in India and Japan, having worked and collaborated there. This enables me to categorize and explain the nuances of education, work experience, and research in different regions, helping students and researchers make informed decisions.

From the beginning of my biotechnology journey, I have maintained an open mindset, exploring various subfields such as biochemistry, zoology, plant biotechnology, microbiology, and molecular biology. I embraced all the opportunities that came my way and this allowed me to acquire a wide range of laboratory techniques and skills that have proven useful throughout my career, irrespective of the country I worked in. However, as I progressed and specialized, I realized the need to narrow down my field of expertise.  I believe it’s essential to keep oneself open during undergraduate and postgraduate studies, as it is not the time to limit one’s scope. Gradually, as one progresses academically and professionally, such as pursuing a Ph.D. or working as a research associate or scientist, specialization becomes more relevant. My experiences have reinforced the importance of staying open to new opportunities while gradually refining one’s focus based on evolving interests and skills.

Can you elaborate more upon how your open-mindedness has helped in shaping up your career after your master’s degree?

After completing my master’s degree, I had a clear idea of the field I wanted to pursue. During my master’s thesis, I worked on gut microbiome research, which I found to be a fascinating area. It became evident to me that the gut microbiome plays a significant role in various diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues, and neurodegeneration. I thought this could be a promising path for further research.

However, life sometimes takes unexpected turns, and my career direction shifted towards virology. The outbreak of COVID-19 and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 caught the world’s attention, including mine. At that time, I was fortunate to have a mentor who guided me during my master’s thesis and continued to support me in my current position with GSU, where we collaborate with companies like Amgen and Pfizer.

My mentor and colleagues in the industry emphasized that virology would be a booming field for the next 15 to 20 years. The work in virology research is different from gut microbiome research, as it involves handling viruses in highly controlled environments like BSL-3 and BSL-4 facilities, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) kits, and working with reactor 3 and 4.

Despite the challenges and the initial learning curve, I found the virology field incredibly fascinating. It presented new opportunities for growth and career advancement, especially in companies with a virology focus. Having experience in virology would open doors to higher positions within the industry, which intrigued me.

Working with viruses introduced me to various techniques and methodologies that I hadn’t encountered before, such as TCID50 and plaque assays. Additionally, I had the chance to work with different animal models like ferrets, which was a unique experience for me, as I had primarily worked with mice before.

Although I had been content with my career in Europe and had no plans to move to the USA, I embraced the idea of transitioning to new challenges and opportunities. Each step in my career journey taught me something new, and I believed that gaining diverse experiences would ultimately contribute to my professional growth and expertise.

So, even though I didn’t initially plan on shifting to the USA, the allure of learning and exploring new frontiers in virology motivated me to embrace this change and pursue a rewarding career in this exciting field.

Could you share something about the types of support systems you engage in to help other students and researchers overcome the challenges they face in their career paths?

I am frequently contacted by students and research professionals via direct messages on platforms like LinkedIn, where they seek information about the possibilities available to them in Europe, specifically countries like Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands, as well as opportunities to work abroad in America. In response to their inquiries, I arrange video calls through platforms like LinkedIn or Google Meet to provide guidance and consultation. I aim to offer direction and insights to help individuals navigate their desired paths. I provide this support voluntarily and do not charge any fees for my assistance. My intention is to assist students and fellow research professionals who are interested in pursuing opportunities abroad.

You are a science communicator and occasionally talk about many interdisciplinary subjects. How do you navigate the challenge of condensing complex scientific subjects into bite-sized posts without oversimplifying or diluting the scientific content?

My aim is to connect with students and researchers, so I write about topics that I encounter in my own lab work or based on the challenges shared by others through platforms like LinkedIn. I offer insights and guidance by focusing on the issues they face. Recently, I observed a Ph.D. student mentoring a master’s student who was struggling with maintaining a proper lab notebook, resulting in missing and conflicting data. This prompted me to highlight the importance of maintaining a meticulous lab notebook, a fundamental practice taught from an early stage of scientific education. Unfortunately, many individuals tend to be casual about this task and often procrastinate, updating their lab notebooks only on weekends. In my posts, I frequently address such common issues that I encounter in the lab and shed light on the problems faced by students.

Imposter syndrome is another prevalent challenge amongst Ph.D. students and master’s thesis researchers, and I can relate to this experience as I faced similar doubts when I first moved abroad. Witnessing others’ high proficiency and enthusiasm in their work made me question my own skills. However, I was fortunate to have kind professors and mentors who never belittled me or made me feel inferior due to my different educational background. Instead, they provided me with an open and supportive learning environment, guiding me personally and helping me overcome these doubts. I believe these experiences have given me valuable insights into the struggles that students and researchers face when entering new labs or work environments.

For example, if you are someone who performs a western blot regularly in your lab and if you were to perform the same procedure in another lab you might require training for the first few days. The settings, gels, and other factors may differ, necessitating a learning process, even if you have been working with Western blots for a year. Recognizing these challenges, I incorporate such experiences into my posts, allowing students to relate to the situations they encounter in their own labs. Additionally, during a workshop I attended, I learned the importance of communicating scientific research to the general public. For instance, when developing vaccines and drugs for COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), it is crucial to educate the public on the significance of vaccination and medication. This involves presenting research in a manner accessible to non-scientific individuals, simplifying complex concepts, and using layman’s terms. By employing these practices, I aim to connect with a broader audience and facilitate an understanding of scientific topics.

What is something you wish you knew earlier in your career? Is there any advice you would like to give to your younger self?

If I had the opportunity to advise my younger self, I would emphasize the importance of carefully choosing the laboratories to work in and identifying the areas that align best with my skills and interests.

Additionally, I would suggest focusing more on developing bioinformatics skills, which has become increasingly essential in both research organizations and companies. The field is becoming more computerized, with automation and data analysis playing significant roles. While bioinformatics may not be extensively covered in undergraduate or master’s programs, acquiring these skills earlier on would have been advantageous. It would have prepared me better for the evolving landscape of biotechnology. Nonetheless, I am actively learning bioinformatics now and adapting to the demands of my current role.
Anila Sudhir Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 31

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Dr. Q. Annie Hasan who is India’s doyen and proponent of genetic counseling. On the occasion of International Genetic Counseling Awareness Day 2023, Dr. Hasan shares her journey in establishing the Board of Genetic Counselling, India (BGCI) as well as her sheer passion and drive that went into fructifying a strong desire to create awareness and ensure the government recognizes genetic counselling as a profession- which includes encouraging academic institutions to introduce genetic counseling into their curriculums. As the President of the BGCI, Dr Annie continues to push and expand the boundaries of a vital and emerging healthcare profession like genetic counselling. In this candid chat, she also shares some pearls of wisdom from her own journey of choosing genetic counseling as a career path and also provides some valuable advice for those wanting to walk down this path. 

Throughout your journey, you have introduced groundbreaking initiatives like the first one-year diploma course in Medical & Genetic Counseling and Board of Genetic Counseling, India (BGCI). What inspired you to take that step, and what were the pivotal factors that helped you overcome challenges and make it a reality?

First Course in Genetic Counseling in India

In the early 1980s, I embarked on a journey into the field of genetics with a strong desire to focus on human genetics within the healthcare sector. However, I soon realized that there was a lack of genetic curriculum in the medical field in India.

I explored various educational institutions in search of genetics in undergraduate medical education (as my family was expecting me to take up Medicine). These included Osmania Medical College, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Aligarh Muslim University, etc and  to my surprise, I found a very limited setup of only cytogenetics in the Anatomy department, with outdated equipment and most of the faculty unaware of the role of Genetics in disease.

Despite these challenges, I remained committed to my passion for genetics and its role in healthcare. I recognized the need for genetic testing and counseling in India, especially as genetics was getting increasingly integrated into diagnostics and patient care. In 2000, I attempted to initiate genetic counseling initiatives in India by reaching out to organizations like the Indian Society of Human Genetics (ISHG) and prominent individuals in the field. Unfortunately, people were not convinced of the need for a genetics department and genetic counseling in the hospital set up.

The turning point came in 2003 when the results of the Human Genome Project were announced, highlighting the integration of genetics into clinical practice. In 2007, when I attended the American Society of Human Genetics meeting I met Dr Maya Thangavelu and Dr Sucheta Bhatt, who shared my enthusiasm for setting up a genetic counseling program in India. We decided to establish a  one-year certificate course, targeting individuals with prior knowledge of genetics and an interest to participate in patient care. Together with a colleague, Dr Pragna Rao, we developed a curriculum, received support from clinical geneticists and genetic counselors from the U.S and established clinical and lab rotations. Our first batch of students completed the Post graduate certificate course in Medical & Genetic Counseling at Kamineni Hospitals, Hyderabad. They successfully secured jobs, providing industry recognition to the profession.

Despite the industry acknowledgment, academic recognition lagged behind for Genetic Counseling profession. Role of Genetics started expanding progressively beyond pediatrics, started encompassing adult-onset diseases, oncology, infertility, Neurology, Cardiology and various other fields. Genetic tests were being introduced and carried out. Amidst all this, clinicians were facing challenges in interpreting and conveying the results to the families. This highlighted the need for genetic counselors to collect family information, interpret test results and counsel patients/ families.

Eventually, institutions such as Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) incorporated genetic counseling in M.Sc. Biomedical Sciences, in 2013, and Kasturba Medical College, Manipal started an M.Sc. in Genetic Counseling in 2015. The recognition of distinct training and job skills for clinical geneticists and genetic counselors led to the coexistence of these professions. However, challenges remained in reaching sufficient numbers of qualified professionals.

As treatment options specific to genetic conditions emerged, the roles of genetic counselors and clinical geneticists were clearly defined. Clinical geneticist is a medical practitioner who examines the patient, makes the diagnosis and prescribes medications; whereas a genetic counselor obtains family information, counsels the family for testing, facilitates testing and interprets its results and empowers them to take informed decisions about their families health. Meaning, genetic counselors recognize their limitations and do not prescribe medication. For best results, both Clinical Geneticists and Genetic Counselors need to work as a team in a clinical setting, but both have wider independent skills and responsibilities, which do not overlap.

The journey to establishing the Board of Genetic Counseling, India

In the following years, I actively participated in the Indian Society of Human Genetics (ISHG) and advocated for the need to certify and accredit professionals in genetic counseling. We had a growing number of individuals with expertise in genetics, including PhDs and master’s graduates in various  aligned fields with genetics as a subject. I proposed that these individuals could be trained in essential counseling skills, ethics, psychology, and basic healthcare practices in order to become genetic counselors. Universities like Sri Ramaswami Memorial University (SRM), started incorporating genetic counseling curriculum in their MSc programmes.

Despite these efforts, ISHG and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) did not express interest in launching a certification program. I encountered similar challenges in convincing them of the imminent need for training genetic counselors. However, several like-minded professionals recognized the need for training/teaching and establishing certification criteria for this new profession. Together, we formed the Board of Genetic Counseling, India(BGCI) and registered it in 2014-15. This helped us define and document eligibility criteria such as clinical attachments, examination process for certification based on logbook evaluation and interviews, which can be found on our website.

Over the years, the certification process has evolved. An independent examination committee was introduced to ensure equity and impartiality in the certification process. Currently, there are over 300 certified genetic counselors, including 12 individuals like me who did not formally obtain a degree in genetic counseling but have extensive experience in the field. Our expertise was acknowledged by an international advisory board.

Additionally, efforts have been made to seek accreditation for the certification process itself from organizations like the American Board of Genetic Counseling. The ultimate goal is to ensure that certified genetic counselors possess the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively assist patients and clients in dealing with the complex challenges of genetics. This journey has been driven by the dedication of enthusiastic genetic counselors, who work in various settings and serve as ambassadors to promote the profession and recruit more students and practitioners.

As far as I can tell, there seems to be a lack of clarity amongst the Genetic Counselors (GC) community regarding the accreditation of genetic counseling programs and BGCI in India. It will be great if you can kindly clarify this matter, as the President.

BGCI is an organization which ensures the education and training for practicing genetic counseling and certifies them to practice as professional counselors in India. BGCI is registered as a society in Telangana as the law states that any Indian society must be registered within a state in India. It cannot be registered as a pan-India society. For example, BCCI in cricket or NABL for accrediting diagnostic laboratories, it is an autonomous organisation and doesn’t come under any specific government ministry per se. BGCI as a board operates independently, similar to genetic counseling boards in other countries. Internationally, genetic counseling boards function independently until they reach a critical mass of professionals, at which point they seek recognition from respective ministries. Like we will eventually expect recognition of the Genetic Counseling profession by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

BGCI has successfully managed to get genetic counseling recognised as a profession with a defined curriculum by Skill India in 2022, and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has validated this. Skill India’s validation is based on the curriculum and program developed by BGCI and other stake holders, for this we have to acknowledge the support of Prof I C Verma, the stalwart of Paediatric Clinical Genetics.

There is a distinction between accrediting courses and certifying professionals, which exists globally, including in developed countries like the United States. However, BGCI’s preference is to have their certification process accredited rather than individual courses, to ensure fairness, pan India, since India has so many autonomous Universities with unique curriculums for Genetics and Biotechnology. Also, the New Education Policy (NEP2020) adopted by India, allows for flexibility for students to drop out during a three year course, and as a result they will receive a diploma or a certificate, rather than a degree. This may lead to inconsistencies and varying standards of graduating students. This is precisely why BGC I can play a vital role in maintaining uniformity and ensuring high-quality professionals with the required skills to practice as Genetic Counselors post certification.

Therefore, BGCI certifies genetic counselors, irrespective of where they have graduated from as long as they fullfill criteria laid out for eligibility can practice their profession. Moreover, at an international level, our certified counselors are equal to any other internationally certified counselor which is heartening.

If  BGCI certified counselors wish to migrate to other countries, would they be allowed to practice there without qualifying the respective exam for that country?

We’re discussing the idea of making genetic counseling a global profession and the implications it might have. However, having a degree in healthcare, in a country, doesn’t automatically make professionals eligible to practice in other countries. For example, a doctor trained in one country may need to pass exams to practice in another. Thus, the same goes for a Genetic counselor. They have to clear the exam in the respective country they are moving to. If the certification is made internationally valid, many Indian genetic counselors might leave the country for better opportunities abroad, which could create a shortage of trained professionals in India. For example, a few students got trained for two to three months under me. Surprisingly, they got jobs in the UK as assistant genetic counselors. I was initially confused by this situation and requested an explanation. They informed me that their proficiency in languages, particularly Hindi/Urdu, proved to be a significant asset in multicultural societies like the UK, where many Indians and Pakistanis reside. Thus, people need to realised the importance of language skills in the context of genetic counseling.

Do you think BGCI certification should be mandated to practice genetic counseling in any organisation in India?

The BGCI certification exam is an entirely independent exam, assessing candidates impartially, even students passed out from my course require certification before taking up a job. The certification process developed by the board is very fair, transparent and robust – it involves written exam, evaluations by the examination committee, logbook assessments, and interviews covering diverse areas of genetic counseling. Sometimes, despite strong theoretical knowledge, candidates lack empathy or listening skills. To address this, we now request interviewers to provide an independent paragraph explaining why a candidate may not be a good fit. This added step helps to identify areas of improvement, such as empathy and communication skills. Therefore, even if students pass their course/degree but aren’t BGCI certified, I do not recommend them for jobs.

Another concern is that I see genetic counselors certified abroad, such as those with an ABGC certification, are reluctant to get certified by BGCI. If one individual is moving from India to the USA or the UK, wouldn’t they get the respective certification? It is nice when people will come up voluntarily and respect our rules and coming under one umbrella to take this profession forward together. 

You have pioneered and spearheaded the establishment and growth of genetic counseling in India. Please share your insights as a woman leader-the challenges you must have faced, compared to male leaders, in establishing this profession, courses and a registered board in the country.

To be frank, genetic counseling predominantly involves women worldwide, which made my interactions relatively straightforward. In the field, the gender ratio, even in BGCI, leans toward 86% women and 14% men. Interestingly, men tend to excel in product specialist roles involving marketing new Genetic tesats, while women dominate other aspects. However, there were moments when being a male might have helped, particularly when seeking recognition from ICMR and ISHG. I used to wonder if my gender delayed the process. I experienced some amount of gender discrimination, especially in government offices/with government officials. Right now, I see that reaching my age has some advantage, as officials are more willing to listen to me.

Nevertheless, I had hoped that this year someone else would become president of BGCI, but I was unanimously chosen. I felt disappointed because I wanted the next generation to step up. Without a second line of leadership, any organization  struggles to flourish as it would seem that enough people are not trained to take up leadership roles. I understand balancing a leadership position and family responsibilities is challenging for young professionals, despite their intelligence and hard work – this I think is the major hurdle of a profession with more than 70 % youngsters (Ages between 25-35 years). These young Genetic Counseling are definitely contributing to the profession but it will take some more time for them to take over the total responsibility, which has its own demands.

You mentioned challenges in finding a second-in-line person due to reproductive age affecting their career growth. Does this also apply to male candidates?

It is applicable to both genders. Especially in the present progressive society males also actively participate in parenting. They are now in their 30s, and hence should be ready to take on more responsibilities, when their kids become a bit older and independent, it will be easier for young parents to shift focus to their career growth. I believe they will be ready to take charge, perhaps in a couple of  years, which will be wonderful, and I can focus on other aspects when they are looking after day to day activity.

Over the course of your career, you have likely witnessed remarkable advancements in genetic technology. Could you share your perspective on how these advancements affected your role as a genetic counselor in India?

There is no doubt in anyone’s mind today about the importance of Genetics/Genomics in Healthcare. Both in Disease and Health genetics plays an important role, as is evident by the number of Genetic Diagnostic labs mushrooming. With increasing technology, immense awareness in public about genetics, the role of a Genetic counselor is becoming very important.

Initially, clinicians referred patients solely for genetic testing without considering genetic counseling of any value. However, with time, it became obvious that interpreting and explaining test results to families required specialized counseling skills. Now I am involved in counseling more than testing. So, I have delegated the testing division to one of my PhD student. My primary commitment lies in counseling, training, and promoting BGCI certification processes.

I am actively engaged in discussions with genetic counselors to understand the reasons for their setbacks. I am trying to find what might have been missing in their training and whether specific types of training are needed. I am also considering the possibility of signing Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) to bring genetic counselors from various parts of India together. My vision is to unite all genetic counselors, regardless of their level of experience, under a single umbrella organization and create a large impact in the field of genetic counseling.

With such a substantial career, how have you managed to consistently evolve and adapt to new developments in genetics?

The evolution of genetics/genomics from an academic science in universities to a speciality relevant to multiple medical specialities has been a journey I’ve closely witnessed. Back in my student days, cytogenetics held the sway, as I progressed to my PhD and postdoc, molecular techniques like PCR emerged, bringing significant advancements. My background was in research, not genetic counseling or clinical practice, so I immersed myself in understanding the molecular techniques – I became proficient in techniques such as PCR and Sanger sequencing, learning about primer designing, sequencing, and more. My familiarity with these technologies made adaptation relatively straightforward. However, the real challenge arose with the interpretation of NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) data and genotype-phenotype correlation. This required a deep understanding of biology and posed questions bioinformaticians alone couldn’t answer.

Genetic counselors play a crucial role in bridging this gap. My advice to students is to place an emphasis on ensuring genotype-phenotype correlations before generating reports. Automated algorithms are no substitute for this critical step. This learning process continues, especially as we await the development of an Indian database for genetic variants in our population.

My current focus is on training genetic counselors and facilitating their entry into public health programs. This will not only create more job opportunities but also drive the demand for genetic counseling courses. BGCI’s role is pivotal to ensure aspiring genetic counselors receive comprehensive training and have access to bridging their learning gaps.

With such a diverse and accomplished career, what aspects of your work do you find most fulfilling at this stage of your career?

The most fulfilling aspect for me has been the association of my name with “Genetics” in clinical circles. A recent heart-warming moment was when an ayyamma from our hospital  attended a wedding in her village and came back and mentioned that the bridegroom had something “Genetic” indicating that she found some dysmorphology and recognized that this abnormality might be inherited in children. This awareness in general population for predictive/preventative counseling is the need of the hour.

This success lies in the fact that people are beginning to understand the concept of genetic inheritance. If they can  identify genetic traits and advise others to consider genetic testing/counseling when planning for children, that would truly satisfy me. It indicates that this knowledge has reached those who need it the most.

Genetics and genomics have entered mainstream journalism and marketing, making genetic counseling more accessible to the public. People are increasingly open to understanding the role of genetic counselors. This achievement is not solely mine but the result of collective efforts, including those of dedicated young professionals, technological advancements, and increased public awareness of genetics.

What goals or aspirations remain to be achieved in your professional journey?

My vision consists of two main goals: first, to establish a strong second line of leadership for BGCI, ensuring its long-term success. Second, to integrate genetics into public health programs across India. This can be achieved by increasing the number of genetic counselors and advocating for the inclusion of genetic units with counselors in esp teaching hospitals. With approximately 600 medical colleges/institutes in India and the prevalence of several rare and common genetic issues in our population, having genetic counselors facilitating care can greatly impact preventative planning and management of genetic conditions, benefiting a significant portion of the population and also help clinicians in practicing personalized healthcare.

What advice would you offer to young professionals aspiring to excel in genetics and genetic counseling?

In my view, it is one of the most rewarding professions. I have had diverse roles, from being a scientist doing research to working in diagnostics and laboratories, before transitioning to genetic counseling. I commend those who choose this profession, despite uncertainties about its future, as it is relatively new and still evolving. I have personally enjoyed my journey in this field because I did what I loved and got paid for it.

Throughout my journey, I have had the opportunity to travel, make friends globally, and connect with individuals who share a common goal of assisting patients, families, and communities. While we have made progress, there is always more work to be done. As my guide, Prof Y R Ahuja used to say, completing one task often leads to discovering even more tasks ahead. As long as we work together and find joy in our efforts, I’m confident that genetic counseling will become a recognized and valued profession in India and globally.
Namanpreet Kaur Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 30

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Dr. Shivakiran Makam, who currently serves as the CEO of Atal Incubation Centre – Sri Krishnadevaraya University and also as co-chair for Alliance Group of the Startup 20 Engagement Group.  

He is passionate about promoting low-cost technologies and mentoring startups to help them achieve their fullest potential. Amidst his stellar career, he still calls himself a learner and prefers to engage himself in harnessing the best of knowledge from all possible sources. In this candid chat, he talks in length about his journey so far, shares valuable insights, and provides with some tips on how to embark upon the entrepreneurial journey. 

Can you briefly share about your diverse professional journey? What motivated you to take up a mentorship role, from that of being a scientist? What is the significance of your role as a mentor in your professional journey?

I am a scientist and a seeker of truth. My career path has taken different curves, from being a scientist and researcher to my current role as a CEO. After completing my Bachelors in Biology, I pursued my Masters at Satya Sai University, Puttaparthi and joined a PhD program in Defence Food Research Lab, a DRDO lab in Mysore, where I did research on a very interesting topic i.e. on strategic bio defense. During this time, I gained valuable insights into the role of science and technology in shaping our lives. After my PhD, I did a post-doctoral fellowship with DRDO in Coimbatore, where I developed technologies for the armed forces. I then received an invitation to lead a research team at Vignan University. Here, I was a scientist and took up multiple roles.I volunteered as the  Associate Dean R&D, which helped shape my move from a scientific role to innovation and entrepreneurship. In 2016, I established a business incubator at the university and played a key role in shaping policies related to patents, incubation, and IPR. In addition to my regular job roles, I took on various projects related to waste management and animal house setup. I found fulfillment in mentoring others, including students, farmers. As the CEO of Atal Incubation Centre, my mentoring extends beyond startups and innovation. I also guide individuals in their careers, decision-making processes, and taking ownership of responsibilities, apart from offering mentorship to colleges and businesses. Witnessing the positive impact on my beneficiaries brings me great satisfaction. Overall, my journey as a scientist, researcher, and CEO has allowed me to pursue knowledge, develop technologies, establish an incubation center, and serve as a mentor to various individuals. This has positively impacted startups, my staff, and a diverse range of people.

Can you describe your project of developing a low-cost solution for treating gutter water and cogeneration of biogas? Can you share the impact of the biogas plant in terms of waste management and energy generation?

This was a small project initiated by the Vice Chairman of the college where I worked. The college was facing two main challenges – the first one was that 70% of the bore wells were dried-up and the other was that untreated sewage from hostels, labs, and toilets was let into agricultural canals. As a scientist and researcher, I proposed a solution that involved the usage of duckweed and water hyacinth (Eichornia) plants to purify the gutter water to a significant extent. We created an artificial canal to divert the water and introduced these plants in the canal. The experiment was successful, resulting in improved gutter water quality. The biomass from the plants was then used as feedstock for a biogas plant, which provided fuel for the kitchen. This self-sustainable model effectively addressed the issues of gutter water treatment and biogas production. The success of this model prompted us to explore its implementation in municipal projects to incentivize and privatize sewage treatment plants. And through our model we have demonstrated that money can be generated, that’s how this became very popular & in fact it was covered quite extensively in the media. By demonstrating the potential for generating revenue, we aimed to encourage private sector involvement in sustainable city planning. In fact, I have suggested this work to MBA students at Bharathidasan Institute of Management and asked them to perform some marketing analysis and feasibility studies as a part of the future sustainability plan to incentivize or privatize sewage treatment plants using this technology.

As the CEO of Atal Incubation Center, can you share the vision and mission of your startup hub? What specific goals or objectives do you aim to achieve in supporting and nurturing startups?

I must admit, it may surprise you to know that we didn’t have a vision for three years. When we started in 2018, we initially followed the standard approach of running an incubation center like any other in the country. However, we soon realized that this approach wouldn’t be enough and we needed to have our own unique, relevant, and impactful vision statement. It took us three years to develop our own vision statement- “To reverse talent migration from urban to semi-urban to rural areas by creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem, through innovation as an approach that ultimately enhances the overall economic well-being of the region.”

Our vision aims to attract individuals to return to towns and villages from cities by providing them with opportunities. When a startup chooses to establish itself in Anantapur by moving its base from Bangalore or Pune, it brings infrastructure, jobs, and business to the region, thereby benefiting the local economy. Thus, our vision is to employ innovation and entrepreneurship as tools to foster an entrepreneurial ecosystem and encourage people to settle in the region.

To achieve this vision, our mission includes raising awareness, implementing structured programs for various stakeholders, providing funding, infrastructure, mentorship, and networking opportunities. We want to support entrepreneurship by retaining local talent, training individuals in entrepreneurship, nurturing startups, and assisting colleges and universities to replicate our model in their respective regions. We believe in empowering others, even if they become our competitors. We believe that if there are tough competitors it shows the effectiveness of our model and also contributes to the overall growth of the country.

In our programs we conduct awareness camps in colleges, schools, and among ex-service personnel.  In fact, recently we organized an awareness program for approximately 200 ex-service men in Anantapur district. By providing them with information about our institute, entrepreneurial opportunities, and the support available, we tried to bridge the knowledge gap and empower them to make informed decisions.  We also run structured programs to guide aspiring entrepreneurs in identifying opportunities, understanding problem statements, evaluating their skill sets, and bridging any gaps. Funding opportunities vary depending on the progress and structure of the organizations as well as the nature of funding i.e. bank loans, venture capitalists, or self-generated funds.

Despite starting without a clear vision, we have now established a strong direction for our organization, focused on reversing talent migration and fostering entrepreneurship.

Could you provide an overview of your role as the co-chair for the Alliance group in the Startup20 Engagement Group? How has your experience been so far?

This is a very interesting intervention that happened in my professional life. So to start with, India is a president of the Group of 20 (G20) from 2022 to 2023, September. And for the first time, India has proposed the concept of talking about entrepreneurs and startups in the G20 forum. Till now, G20 was restricted to finance, and financial strategies.  Now, they are talking about climate change, environment, global warming, disaster management etc. This is a significant shift. Startups now have a global platform through the G20 and the Startup 20 engagement group. Startups collectively contribute around 0.8% to 1% of India’s GDP, and by increasing this percentage they can have an even greater impact on India’s economy. They consistently help in job creation, innovation, and technology solutions. Now, my role in this alliance group is to create policies that will enable startups to go global, to gain access to other markets such as Africa, Asia or South America, particularly, for those aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and focused on impact creation rather than just profit-making. The experience within Startup 20 has had a positive influence on my decision-making and expanded my perspective beyond my role in the incubation center. It has made me see myself as a contributor to the global startup ecosystem & also helped me understand and learn the value of connecting different stakeholders to solve common problems and bridging the gap between the global and local initiatives.

Could you please share the experience & insights gained from being a member of various advisory boards and the value you have personally gained from these roles?

I have served on advisory boards in business schools and incubation ecosystems. I am also an advisor for NGOs like Krishi Bharatam and innovation-related organizations like the International Federation of Inventors Association. Recently, I have also taken up consulting roles for biotechnology companies. In all of these, my role is providing guidance on their operations, strategies, and vision. Advisory boards play a crucial role in bridging knowledge gaps and offering insights that organizations may not be aware of. Although advisory roles are often pro bono, the impact of our advice depends on the seriousness of the recipients. It is important that the advice given should be constructive, aligned with an organization’s vision. For example, with Krishi Bharatam, which is a trust founded by few research scholars from Sanskrit university- they wanted to promote Parashara Samhita which talks about agricultural practices written by sage Parashara. Here, my role was to help integrate ancient agricultural knowledge from the Parashara Samhita with modern scientific practices. I advised them to reevaluate Parashara’s observations in the context of sustainability and promote black rice cultivation in a natural method, which has both health and environmental benefits.Black rice has a good amount of calcium and magnesium, both of which is good for health and Black rice takes much lesser water and helps in reducing  carbon footprint as compared to the regular rice cultivation. I also advised them on how one can commercialize or popularize black rice to the masses. This is one example of how a member of an advisory committee can add constructive value to any organization. Being part of advisory boards has provided me with valuable insights, expanded my networks, and empowered me as a knowledge seeker. These experiences have had a positive impact on both my professional and personal growth.

How do you manage your time and commitments effectively while handling multiple roles as a CEO, mentor and member of various advisory committees?

I must admit that I’m not great at separating my roles as a CEO, mentor, and advisory committee member.I naturally merge them into one cohesive personality, known as Shivakiran & switch seamlessly between these roles. During office hours, I concentrate on my responsibilities, avoiding calls about work at home unless it’s truly urgent. Occasionally, this approach may result in mistakes, but I accept imperfection, prioritizing learning over perfection. This method has proven effective, and I have confidence it will remain so. However, time management is crucial, and I rely on some tools like reminders, Zoho calendar to help me stay organized. Maintaining a clear distinction between work and family is crucial to me, as I value both equally.

What advice or insights would you offer to others who are interested in developing low-cost solutions for environmental challenges or pursuing sustainable projects?

My advice: if you really want to understand and solve a problem, you need to experience it firsthand & empathize. You don’t need to know all the technical knowledge right from the start. If you feel you lack skills, seek support from a co-founder, advisor,mentor or incubation center to fill the gaps. But always keep a long-term vision in mind while addressing the problem.

In my approach, I test and evaluate my solutions from my stakeholder’s perspective. I’m open and unafraid to share my ideas & seek inputs from many people- and I practice this, even before applying for any patents.

Another effective approach is to involve users in co-creating solutions from the beginning by seeking their insights and preferences. By doing so, you can create cost-effective and widely accepted solutions that meet the market’s needs.

Remember, understanding & empathizing the problem, seeking inputs from experts, and co-creating solutions with the consumers are a few valuable approaches to effectively address challenges.

What do you consider to be the most crucial qualities or skills that a startup founder should possess? How do you help them develop these attributes during the mentoring process?

Two important qualities, which I consider inseparable twins, are values and valuation. A company should possess a strong valuation, and its founder should uphold good values. You should have a dream and also the ability to turn it into reality. To turn passion into reality, essential skills are required like communication, problem-solving, solution design, testing, and more. Financial, technical, and human skills, such as communication, etiquette, discipline, finance, marketing, and technical expertise, are all crucial, and lacking a specific skill can be supplemented by finding a suitable co-founder.

As they enter into the startup ecosystem, they will learn the necessary skills on the job. Our incubator has a couple of structured programs for different stakeholders like for students; we have programs called Ignite, where they learn problem identification, team building, funding sources, and proper idea presentation. The Vantena, the bridge program which provides deeper knowledge on finance, design thinking, patents, and company structure. Then comes the Abhyudaya program which is a two-year journey from prototype to market, with additional scaling opportunities. We have these structured programs in batches.

For farmers, women, and service men, we have different set programs according to their specific needs and schedules. Our programs cover the entire journey from idea to enterprise; develop required skills along the way. We partner with international coaches, finance experts, and angel investors to provide valuable support to our startups.

Have there been any specific moments or success stories that have reaffirmed your passion for guiding and supporting entrepreneurs?

There are many such stories. To start with, there was a girl who came to our incubation center seeking help to support her idea. Her idea was about communication training for students in small towns. However, being with us, she realized that this idea had limited scope and scalability, so she had to redesign her entire business plan and come up with a new idea. Now, she runs two enterprises and a lot of programs for our incubator. She has grown and pivoted her idea multiple times and now she has the capability to design programs on her own. Her success story is inspiring because she’s a first-generation entrepreneur from a small town and now she has made her own dent in the startup ecosystem.

Another story where students were given the challenge to detect illegal electric wires in forests, and one student’s idea stood out. The device they created brought joy to forest workers, as it could potentially save lives by preventing electrocutions. Witnessing such amazing projects in high school or engineering having such a life saving impact and adding value to others’ lives is truly fulfilling.

These stories inspire me to work harder in our incubator, despite the challenges and frustrations that come with it. They show the potential for students to make a difference and impact the future of people and the planet.

Can you share some success stories or notable achievements of startups incubated at the Atal Incubation Centre, that have made significant contributions towards environmental or social sustainability? How do you measure the impact of these startups?

Let’s begin with Anantha Naturals, a startup founded by Parthasarathy, a tech graduate with a vision for change. Realizing that the food consumed in urban areas often contains harmful substances like pesticides and hormones.  Inspired to make a change, he returned to Anantapur and started organic farming and through his support, many young individuals left their lucrative jobs & joined organic farming. We had provided funding to him to create organic fertilizer making machines for distribution to the farmers. Parthasarathy’s passion for sustainable entrepreneurship has successfully inspired numerous people, bringing them back to Anantapur.

Another story is about Urber Nature Private Limited which was founded by Mahaprasad Nanda, an engineering graduate from Odisha. Concerned about the environmental impact of plastic straws, he used Deenanath grass sticks to create eco-friendly alternatives, training tribal women to produce them. This approach not only reduces plastic waste but also empowers the women financially, improving their lives.

Lastly, there’s Dr. Meenakshi Kapil, from Zirakpur, Punjab who works with farmers in tribal Andhra Pradesh to address the issue of not getting the right pricing for their turmeric crops. She  noticed the superior quality of the locally cultivated turmeric and transformed it into drinks and latte products, exporting them to Canada. She bridges the market and technology gap, ensuring farmers receive fair prices.

We assess the impact of these businesses by considering the financial benefits to the end-users and beneficiaries, improvements in healthcare, and social parameters. However, we are also exploring other tools to measure the impact of their businesses on the environment.  
Aishwarya Muriki Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 29

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Shramana Guchhait who is a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, passionate about research in cancer immunology and has a strong interest in science outside of the lab. In this candid chat, she talks about her unique career journey so far, the milestones achieved and the chellanges she faced, as a young undergrad student, while taking steps towards her dream career. 

What sparked your interest in cancer immunology and life sciences in general?

Since the inception of my time as an undergrad, I was pretty sure that I was interested in cancer because of my family history of cancer. I had really close relatives who were suffering from cancer, and I have been through that experience in my early teens and was very moved and motivated to work in this field. So, I was exploring a lot of options, but honestly, I was not sure if I wanted to do cancer immunology right at the start of my undergrad. So, I did some internships where the projects revolved around repurposing cancer drugs, and I also worked on drug resistance. It was this work and the internships that prompted me to study cancer immunology. I came across an interesting concept in cancer immunology while I was working on my application for the Rhodes Scholarship, and I came across this professor who works on cancer vaccines, and that topic got me very excited. As I read more about it, my interest grew, and now there is no turning back! I want to work in cancer immunology or cancer vaccines as part of my post-graduation studies.

You are a recipient of the Quad Fellowship by Schmidt Futures. Could you tell us a bit about the fellowship and how you got to know about it?

I was part of the Kalpana fellowship, an initiative of Vigyan Shala International, in my first year of undergraduation. While I was a part of the cohort, the CEO and the founder, Dr.Darshana Joshi, posted about the Quad fellowship in the group, and that’s how I came across it. After an initial fear and apprehension, I applied for the scholarship and was happy to be a recipient. I have been part of the residential program in Australia since early June. Even though Quad is a scholarship program and definitely helps you with your monetary problems to pursue your post-graduation abroad in the US, it gives you a robust networking opportunity beyond your imagination. When I talk to other recipients of the scholarship or discuss ideas with them, I feel that it is a place that can spark a lot of initiatives and where people can team up together to address a lot of social issues. Even though we are a group of 100 people, from different backgrounds, we all have a similar line of interest – in converging policy and science.

What were the procedures involved with respect to the fellowship, and how did you go through it?

Like every other fellowship, there is an application process – but it is quite extensive for the Quad Fellowship. While I was applying, I realized that more than the academic journey, they were really interested in how you are as an individual, how you think and perceive the society around you, the world as a whole and whether you can think beyond yourself and understand the problems that are affecting the world. It is a robust screening process, and only a small percentage of the candidates get selected for the interview rounds. There are two interview rounds. The first one is academic, where they are more interested in your achievements, your SOP and whether you understand all the nuances of the topic that you are proposing in your post-graduation. The second interview round is unique, where they try to understand your ethics, how you are as an individual and the way you think. I honestly feel that this is a good way of assessing a candidate, and I really enjoyed my second round of interviews.

What were the challenges and the obstacles you had to overcome while you were applying for the fellowship?

There was only one challenge while I was applying to a lot of fellowships and other scholarships as well- and that was self-doubt. The imposter syndrome kicks in and tells you that you are not good enough. When you proceed with the application, you also see that they ask you for a lot of essays and other details. That’s the time when you begin to judge yourself and your capability- question whether you are cut to make the mark among a lot of applicants and be among the top 25 Indians to get selected. You may have these thoughts and doubts before the interview, after the interview and even while you are excelling in the field that you are in. What I feel after going through all these experiences is that I have grown as a person since last year when I applied, and I really think it’s important to feel that you are worthy when you apply because no one else can infuse that trust and self-confidence into you- it is you who has to build up on that.

You are also one of the co-founders of the Stemm Factor. Could you tell us what the Stemm Factor is all about and how did the idea of starting the Stemm Factor come into picture?

The idea of starting the Stemm Factor was a result of a conversation that I was having with my close friends at college. We were a bunch of undergraduates studying in online mode during the pandemic, and the only interactions we had were through Zoom calls or Google Meet. After one online class, four of us got into talking about what affected our journey in science, what were the constraints that we faced while choosing science as a career and whether we had the support of our family. Our family backgrounds were never really in science, so they could not guide us that much, and there was a constant pull between our wishes and those of our parents. Coming from very different parts of India and sharing the same classroom at Delhi University, we realised that we had similar constraints and somewhere we could resonate with each other. We really did not want our juniors to face the same problems that we have faced. We were not really sure about how much impact we could make, but we were sure that if we could inspire somebody or a couple of students to take up science in tier 2 or tier 3 cities where the exposure is not really outstanding, our goal would be achieved. Our motto was to bridge the gap of opportunities and to provide the students in tier 2 or tier 3 cities with resources to pursue their dreams, and that was how Stemm Factor was born.

Being an undergrad student and starting an initiative like the Stemm factor wouldn’t have been easy. What were the challenges involved and how did you go through it?

As an undergraduate student, you cannot know everything. I didn’t know anything about designs or how to work with digital stuff. We were a bunch of science nerds who were very invested in our studies. The biggest challenge that we came across was the realization that there is a lot of work between planning and execution. What goes in between those two words, to plan and to execute or to have an idea and to make it happen, or to think of a session and to actually conduct a session, there is a lot of work involved in between. We were learning new things every day. Throughout the process, I learnt how to manage my internship positions with the work I do in STEMM-factor. However, I understood that- one has to take time out for what they are passionate about, and that’s how you have to keep going. It’s okay to not know everything, but it’s not okay to stop your growth. You have to keep moving, and that’s the force that you have to build within yourself. One more constraint that no one talks about is that when you discuss your ideas like these with older and experienced people, it’s hard to convince them that you are really serious about the cause because they see you as some undergrads trying to add something to their CV. It takes a lot of willpower to stick to your idea and put it out in a way so that it does not look like an extracurricular activity because it is a cause that you believe in and it’s something that you are passionately working towards. We were privileged to get the support of Vigyanshaala during our first few months, where they mentored us on how to start an organization.

Is there any memorable moment you cherish with respect to the work you have done with the Stemm Factor?

There were two moments where I felt that we were on the right track. We used to conduct sessions for the students in Stemm Factor, and one of the sessions was called- Let’s Talk STEM, where we would invite people at an early stage in their professional journey. The session was more like an informal conversation, than an interview. After one of these sessions, which was a live session, I happened to read feedback from a girl- she wrote that she was not sure if she could do her PhD and whether she was confident to do it right after her undergraduate degree. Although it was a very common thing in Western countries,  she was not sure if she had it in her. But after listening to our conversation where the speaker herself was going for a PhD right after her undergraduate, she could build up that courage to apply and at least try for it. So, I was very moved to see that. The other was when one of the volunteers at STEMM_Factor came up to me and told me that she joined this initiative because she just wanted to volunteer for a non-profit, but now she felt like she was also a part of the cause. It felt like an achievement. I was a little proud and very motivated to ignite that spark in not just one but a lot of other people who will carry this spark along their journey and will radiate it to somebody else so that they can, in turn, motivate a lot of other people.

If you had to give a piece of advice to graduate students going for fellowships like Quad and starting an initiative for change, what would it be?

There is one important quality that I believe in, and I think this is the best quality you can imbibe as a student- and that is persistence. You have to keep going. This wasn’t the first idea or scholarship that I started or applied for. The STEMM-Factor itself took months to come to fruition. Within those months, while you are investing in your ideas, you will come across a lot of challenges. You will feel that this is not my piece of cake. You have to climb the ladder of failure. It is hard, but you have to face it, you have to digest it, you have to get up again, and you have to go for it. Your 30th attempt might end in failure, a crushing defeat that tests your resolve to the core. But remember this: if you halt your journey now, you’ll forever wonder whether that 31st attempt, just around the corner, could be the one to unlock the door to your dreams. Therefore, you just cannot stop. Because it’s your narrative, it’s your story, and you just cannot give up. I feel there’s one thing that you can do, and that is to compete with yourself. Every day, you have to be a better version of yourself. You have to learn from your previous mistakes and experiences and keep the trajectory going upward. But you have to keep going. You need to keep trying until you get your happy ending.
Deepthi Joji Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 28

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Anushila Chatterjee who currently leads the program and curriculum design at VigyaanShaala International . In this candid chat, she talks at length about her journey so far, her passion towards mentoring, elaborates upon some challenges faced while balancing diverse roles and also shares some valuable insights gained over time. 

Can you elaborate on your career journey and what led you to pursue science and STEM?

I used to be a professional athlete in school. I was a national gymnast and involved in sports. In class 9, we had a new science teacher who came in. The way she explained science, and taught us, made it more fun than what you typically see in books. That is when I started enjoying science, observing things around me, and learning.

I also realized that even as a kid, I spent my free time doing things related to science without realizing it. For instance, I would take different leaves, paste them on paper, brush them with a crayon, and observe different patterns. I used to wonder why each leaf had unique patterns. I also played around with homeopathy bottles, filling them up with different liquids, and pretending to be a scientist. These were all science-related activities I did unknowingly. However, in school, I didn’t enjoy science as much, until that teacher came and changed my perception of how interesting science could be. That is when I realized that I wanted to work with living things and, eventually, I fell in love with biology during 11th and 12th grade.

Microbiology was part of our syllabus, and I found it fascinating to learn about microbes, something invisible to the naked eye. It was a new and emerging subject at that time, so I decided to give it a try. I loved it, and I wanted to take it further. I didn’t want my science journey to end after obtaining my masters. Wanting to contribute to this field, I pursued my PhD and postdoc.

We often face rejections, setbacks, and challenges in our career journey. Could you tell us about your biggest rejection or failure in your career journey and how you overcame it?

I would say there were two significant challenges that I faced after completing my PhD when I was looking for postdocs. Each PhD journey is different-; some might have several published papers by the end, while others might still be working on their publications. In my case, I had finished my paper, and it was still under review. Finding a postdoc without a publication is highly competitive, and that was challenging.

Additionally, my PhD advisor, while very supportive, had an old-school approach to postdoc applications. He would provide references and recommendations but didn’t actively forward CVs or suggest specific labs to apply to. So, I had to apply at many places before identifying a suitable lab. It was a stressful time, while I kept trying and exploring different directions. Ultimately, I found the perfect postdoc position, and it worked out really well for me. The key takeaway was persistence and not limiting myself to a few options. I explored diverse labs with interesting science, spoke to different people, and found the right fit.

Persistence and being open to diverse opportunities truly paid off for you. Now, moving on to another aspect of your career, I noticed from your LinkedIn profile that you have been involved in diverse roles, such as being a researcher, academic program designer and manager, STEM mentor, and trainer. Balancing all these roles can be demanding. How do you manage your time and responsibilities effectively, and how did you venture into being a part of all this?

Yes, you are right; it can be demanding to manage diverse roles. My journey into these roles was gradual and driven by my passion to contribute and make a difference.

During my postdoc, I actively volunteered in various activities at the university, organizing conferences, and symposiums, and engaging with graduate student organizations and postdoc associations. I found joy in interacting with people from different backgrounds and solving problems with varied perspectives. During my postdoc, I was part of a new lab and actively involved in setting up the lab. I had the opportunity to mentor individuals from diverse backgrounds, including a master’s student, a PhD student, and a lab technician with different levels of expertise. This allowed me to work on multiple projects simultaneously, and gain experience in mentoring people with varying skill sets.

Teaching and mentoring were always close to my heart, and I actively mentored Masters and graduate students during my postdoc, gaining valuable experience in working with diverse projects and people.

The mentoring experience during my postdoc made me realize that I didn’t want to be solely focused on teaching. I enjoyed mentoring and interacting with students, teaching them not just scientific facts, but also instilling a scientific temperament. I wanted to encourage them to ask questions and actively engage in the learning process. Additionally, I enjoyed participating in various activities outside the lab, such as organizing conferences and events, which allowed me to interact with people from different backgrounds, and solve problems collaboratively. These experiences made me appreciate the broader impact of my work, beyond a single academic institution.

The decision to transition to my current role was not planned beforehand. As I was interviewing for different positions after my postdoc, I had already been involved with Kalpana – She for STEM at VigyanShaala International. During the academic interviews, I came across questions that didn’t resonate with me, and it made me reflect on what I truly wanted as a career. I reflected on myself and started to reconsider my decisions – Why exactly did I want to be a professor? What about being a professor attracts me? What kind of lifestyle am I looking for? I realized that what I really like is interacting with the students. I wanted to teach not just science. Rather – I wanted to inculcate a scientific temperament in them. While being a professor appealed to me I realized that as a professor I could only impact a limited number of students at a specific college.

That is when I recognized the potential impact I could have through VigyanShaala. The organization’s mission and vision resonated with me deeply. As a woman in STEM myself, I understood the challenges faced by women in the field, and I wanted to contribute to empowering and supporting them. Thus, my reach extended far beyond a single college, allowing me to make a more significant difference to the lives of aspiring scientists. These factors led me to transition to this role, despite it being a new field for me. There is a lot of joy in the learning process and a feeling of fulfillment in contributing to social development.

That’s impressive how you found your way into these roles and are making a positive impact. As someone who has worked internationally, how do you feel about the representation of women in STEM, in India? What are your observations on this front?

The representation of women in STEM workforce in India and the world is still very low. The numbers vary across different fields, with engineering having less representation compared to life sciences. The challenge is not just restricted to their initial entry into STEM but with the progression of women in their respective STEM careers. There is a significant drop-off as women move from undergraduate level to higher education or jobs in STEM fields. Although India has one of the highest number of women taking up STEM at the UG level, 2 out of 3 of these women fall off the STEM pipeline after their UG completion. This leaky pipeline is something we need to address urgently. There are organizations and initiatives that are working to tackle these issues, but more efforts are required to create an inclusive and supportive environment for women in STEM.  We need to act now for a strong upheaval and redressal of this situation.

Speaking of fostering inclusivity, your work with the Kalpana- She for STEM program has impacted students globally. How does it feel when students from around the world express their appreciation for your mentorship?

Well, I believe my impact as a mentor is for my mentees to decide, but I do find joy and motivation in seeing my mentees succeed. Interacting with these students from diverse backgrounds is an enriching experience. When I see them passionately pursuing their goals and overcoming challenges, it encourages me to give my best as a mentor. It is a two-way street; the dedication and enthusiasm of my mentees is mutual. It feels great to know that I can make a visible difference to someone else’s life, just like someone did for me when I was starting my journey.

Moving on to discussing the curricula that you have been involved in designing for both – the Kalpana Program, as well as the ReAct Program ; could you please share your goals and how you achieve them through these programs?

Kalpana’s curriculum was already in place when I joined the team, and we continuously evolve that based on our interactions and feedbacks with the students as well as other stakeholders. Our main goal with Kalpana is to give students the ability to explore various STEM careers, understand their options, and build confidence in their chosen paths. Through exposure to role models and interactive sessions, we help students find diverse opportunities available in STEM. Kalpana has multiple stages, from online learning and mentor interactions to research projects and internships, facilitating a comprehensive experience.

ReAct, on the other hand, was an initiative I started with when I realized that many undergraduate students lacked research exposure. I wanted to make research opportunities accessible to all and not restrict them just to students from prestigious institutions. Our goal with ReAct was to introduce students to the world of research, and help them make informed decisions about their academic and career paths.

I learnt that you are moonlighting an entrepreneurial endeavor. If you’re comfortable sharing, could you tell us more about it and how it came about?

My entrepreneurial endeavor is in its early stages, and the idea is quite broad at the moment. It stemmed from my observation that finding jobs for PhDs in India, beyond a postdoc, can be challenging. Often, we are prepared for academia or industry positions, but there’s a lack of proper training and guidance on other potential career paths. Additionally, I noticed a drop-off in women pursuing STEM careers after completing their PhDs, which is a loss of highly skilled talent. My long-term goal is to create a platform that supports women PhDs, especially those who took a career break, and helps them re-enter and stay in the STEM field, leveraging their unique skills and knowledge. I believe that empowering women in STEM will have a significant impact on society as a whole.

That’s a noble and impactful vision. Empowering women in STEM and providing support to re-enter the field after career breaks is crucial for fostering diversity and innovation. Considering your experiences and growth in the field, what advice would you give young students aspiring to pursue research or a career in STEM?

Firstly, explore different fields and career options. Do not limit yourself to a single subject; STEM is about being interdisciplinary, and hence diverse skills can be valuable. Secondly, have a clear vision of your goals, both academically and professionally. Understand what you want to achieve and where you see yourself in the future. Thirdly, networking is crucial. Connect with people in your field, talk to mentors, and seek guidance. Networking can open doors to opportunities and provide valuable insights. Lastly, don’t be afraid of making mistakes or facing challenges. Learn from them, and don’t hesitate to seek help when needed.

Looking back, I wish I had understood the importance of networking and how it could positively impact my career. Networking not only helps in finding opportunities like postdocs and jobs, it provides valuable insights into lab environments, potential mentors, and research projects. Building a strong network can be a game-changer in one’s career. Hence, my advice to students and early-career researchers would be to actively network, connect with peers and professionals, and seek guidance from mentors. It can make a significant difference to their journey.
Anila Sudhir Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 27

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Shivani Nadkarni, who is currently pursuing a PhD at the University of Bremen in Germany. Shivani pursued her bachelors in India and moved on to pursue higher studies in Germany. In this candid chat, she talks about her journey so far, elaborates upon the challenges she faced while transitioning into an international learning atmosphere and talks about her various internship experiences and their contributions towards her personal and professional growth. 

You did your bachelors in microbiology. What inspired you to pursue a master’s in biochemistry and molecular biology?

The study of the fascinating properties and applications of microbes always intrigued me. The desire to deepen my understanding of the remarkable complexities within these tiny organisms first took seed during my high school days, thanks to an inspiring biology teacher who had studied microbiology. During my undergraduate studies, I had the opportunity to explore various affiliated subjects, wherein we explored the molecular basis of biological processes, consisting of a multitude of harmoniously working protein systems, their encoding genes, and the variety of factors modulating these genes. I seemed to have a natural penchant for the aspects of my studies dealing with DNA and its associated processes while studying biochemical pathways was a pleasant challenge that motivated me to master it. Consequently, a master’s degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology seemed like a logical progression facilitating me to embrace a subject I am truly passionate about while also conquering the challenges I faced in biochemistry.

Despite discussing these fields separately, I recognize their inherent interdisciplinary nature. Thus, all the knowledge accrued throughout my formal university education has aided me in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate functioning of bacteria at the molecular level. However, I am and will always be a microbiologist!

An interesting footnote in my journey so far was that, when considering my options for a master’s degree, I was initially most inclined to pursue immunology. However, upon reflecting on the decision I made, I harbour no regrets. The path I have chosen has allowed me to align my passion for microbiology with the challenge of mastering biochemistry and molecular biology, ultimately strengthening my skills and knowledge as a researcher.

How was the transition from Savitribai Phule Pune University to the University of Bremen – with respect to the education system, lab skills, and culture?

The transition presented significant challenges as I shifted from an academic environment that emphasised on theoretical understanding to one that placed a greater emphasis on a research-oriented and practical approach.

At Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), the predominant modes of teaching and evaluation revolved around lectures, textbooks, and examinations. This educational system ingrained in me from an early stage a strong focus on building a theoretical foundation, fostering discipline, critical thinking, and compelling articulation of concepts. Throughout my bachelor’s program, I covered a broad range of coursework that encompassed not only microbiology but also subjects such as Zoology and Chemistry. This exposure to diverse subjects provided me with a well-rounded education and nurtured a broader perspective.

However, the practical lab work at SPPU was relatively limited in scope, allowing for exposure to only basic skills and methods. Additionally, the larger class size of around 40 students resulted in some limitations in terms of materials, equipment, and hands-on experience. Nevertheless, navigating these challenges fostered adaptability, problem-solving skills, and resourcefulness, which have proven beneficial in my academic and professional journey. While I did engage in internships during my undergraduate years, they were not integrated into the formal coursework, and I did not undertake a bachelor’s thesis, leaving me with limited research experience.

Contrasting with my previous experience, the coursework at the University of Bremen strongly emphasised a research-intensive and practical learning environment. After an initial semester of lectures, the remainder of the program offered hands-on experiences that fostered scientific communication skills and allowed me to explore research carried out by various labs, covering a wide range of research topics. A fundamental difference is that each professor led a whole working group of diverse researchers addressing a given topic. This enabled exposure to an active research environment. I had the opportunity to enrol in short elective courses offered by these labs, exploring topics that piqued my interest. Lab rotations throughout the course enabled me to acquire diverse methods and techniques while gaining valuable insight into the functioning of a laboratory. The University provided ample opportunities to engage in research activities, such as participating in ongoing projects, collaborating with faculty members, and working in relatively well-equipped laboratories. Undertaking my master’s thesis was a pivotal step toward understanding experimental design and the publication process in scientific research. Examinations during my master’s program predominantly focused on oral assessments and discussions, emphasising the articulation of scientific concepts. The University of Bremen boasts a diverse community of students and researchers from around the world, fostering ample opportunities for international exposure and cross-cultural interactions.

Both experiences had distinct merits and demerits, but in retrospect, I was provided with what I needed at that stage of my journey, and hence, I am indeed grateful for both these unique experiences. The differences I experienced could also be due to the distinction between undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

In addition to the educational transition, I encountered challenges stemming from various factors. The disparities in German culture, cuisine, lifestyle, and weather, differing significantly from my upbringing in India, necessitated a continual adjustment process that I am still undergoing. Furthermore, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during my relocation further exacerbated the difficulties I faced. However, addressing all these facets is beyond the scope of this interview.

What motivated you to pursue a Ph.D.?

After contemplating for nearly a year, I have reached a decisive answer to the question of my post-graduation aspirations: pursuing a Ph.D.! Embarking on this academic journey is akin to entering a vast ocean of knowledge, where each wave of curiosity and perseverance propels me closer to the shores of groundbreaking discoveries and personal growth.

Initially, I was inclined towards securing a research assistant position in a biotech or bio-pharma company. Starting a job after completing my master’s degree would have allowed me to gain practical experience in a professional environment, aligning with my goal of eventually working in the industry. Additionally, a job would have provided immediate financial stability, which was a significant consideration then. However, my job search presented challenges. Some positions required a Ph.D., while others demanded specialised skills that I was yet to acquire. Moreover, my limited proficiency in the German language hindered my ability to find suitable opportunities. Furthermore, committing to an industry job felt premature as it would have confined me to a specific role in my early career.

On the other hand, my passion for laboratory work and research became increasingly evident. I possessed a strong desire to engage in independent research, explore new frontiers of scientific knowledge, and contribute to advancements in my field. The intellectual freedom inherent in pursuing a Ph.D. served as a significant motivator. Engaging in enlightening discussions with Ph.D. students at different stages of their academic journeys and recent graduates further fortified my conviction. They shared invaluable insights about the advanced career prospects, expertise enhancement, and increased earning potential associated with holding a doctorate.

During my master’s thesis, I delved into the captivating realm of antisense RNA-mediated regulation in bacteria, which sparked a deep love for this subject. The astounding capabilities of RNA, beyond my previous understanding, opened doors to exciting new ideas. My curiosity was genuinely piqued, especially after attending a conference on RNA biology that further intensified my interest in antisense RNA research. Consequently, when the head of the working group where I was doing my master’s thesis offered me a Ph.D. position on the same topic, everything fell seamlessly into place. It felt like the missing piece of the puzzle in my mind had been discovered, prompting me to seize this opportunity to pursue a Ph.D. This journey will enable me to work closely with experienced researchers, receive valuable mentorship from senior members of the working group, and establish connections within academic and professional communities. The Ph.D. program provides an opportunity to gain further work experience, learn new methods and techniques, and dedicate ample time to improving my German speaking skills.

As a dedicated and persevering student, I wholeheartedly embrace the challenges of pursuing a Ph.D. Challenges are inherent in a researcher’s life and serve as catalysts for personal and intellectual growth. I eagerly embark on this transformative journey with determination and an optimistic mindset. I eagerly anticipate the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, ultimately propelling me toward becoming an independent researcher. The motivation within me knows no bounds.

What do you think is the difference between pursuing a Ph.D. in India vs. one from abroad – US, Europe, and Australia (in terms of the lab environment, work-life balance, and future opportunities in academia and industry)?

Pursuing a Ph.D. can be a rewarding academic journey, whether in India or abroad. Both options offer unique opportunities and factors to consider, shaping your research experience and future career.

The research infrastructure and resources available at international universities abroad include cutting-edge facilities, well-equipped laboratories, and access to the latest technologies. This can significantly enhance the quality and scope of research projects, fostering innovation and collaboration. However, it’s worth noting that many Indian institutions also offer excellent research infrastructure.

Pursuing a Ph.D. abroad provides opportunities for international exposure and engagement with diverse research communities. Interacting with researchers from different cultural backgrounds facilitates cross-disciplinary collaborations, broadens perspectives, and encourages an exchange of ideas. Building a global network during this journey can be invaluable for future collaborations and career opportunities. India also has a vibrant research community with ample chances for collaboration with experts in various fields.

The structure of Ph.D. programs varies across countries. In Europe, particularly in Germany, programs can range from structured programs with a formal coursework, to individual Ph.D. focused primarily on research. The coursework in structured programs provides specialised knowledge and research skills, while fully funded individual PhDs offer flexibility to tailor the research project to one’s interests. Teaching responsibilities may vary but are not mandatory for all Ph.D. students in Germany. In the United States, students typically enrol in structured Ph.D. programs involving academic coursework, lab rotations, teaching or mentoring responsibilities, and a formal project proposal before commencing their thesis work. Ph.D. programs in Australia, similar to Europe, can be either part of structured programs or offer fully funded individual Ph.D. positions. In India, while structured programs exist, there is no obligation towards academic coursework or teaching duties, although lab rotations may still be required. These variations also impact the duration of the Ph.D. journey, with the average completion time being around 3-4 years in Europe (Germany), 4-5 years in Australia, and 3-6 years in the United States and India.

Skill development is crucial in any Ph.D. journey, regardless of the country. Technical skills are gained through hands-on experience and exposure to various research techniques, enhancing research expertise. Skills such as independent critical thinking, time management, and communication are equally valuable and can be worked on throughout the Ph.D. journey.

The lab environment plays a pivotal role in the Ph.D. journey, influencing relationships with mentors, colleagues, and labmates and shaping the overall experience. Pursuing a Ph.D. abroad offers unique opportunities to engage with diverse lab communities and establish meaningful connections. Although cultural differences may present initial challenges, actively seeking to understand and adapt to different perspectives fosters the development of deep friendships. I believe that regardless of where one pursues their PhD, it is beneficial for students to establish strong bonds within their research groups, contributing to a supportive and collaborative atmosphere. The functioning of the lab and interactions with lab colleagues significantly contribute to the Ph.D. experience. Experienced supervisors and mentors offer invaluable support throughout the research process.

Networking opportunities are essential for Ph.D. students, providing avenues for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and personal growth. Conferences, workshops, seminars, informal discussions, and career events offer platforms to expand one’s network and enhance communication skills. Both India and abroad offer networking opportunities allowing students to build connections within their field.

Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is a common concern for Ph.D. students worldwide. Strategies such as establishing designated work hours, scheduling regular breaks, delegating tasks, investing in self-care and leisure activities, and fostering open communication with colleagues and loved ones can help achieve a better balance between work and personal life. Although challenges may arise in any Ph.D. program, proactive efforts can provide a more balanced experience.

Ultimately, the choice between pursuing a Ph.D. in India or abroad depends on personal preferences, research interests, career aspirations, and the specific opportunities available. When making this decision, it’s important to carefully evaluate factors such as research infrastructure, international exposure, academic structure, mentorship, funding, and individual circumstances. Embracing this opportunity for growth, exploration, and making a lasting impact in your chosen field could be a key to a successful Ph.D. journey!

According to you, what skills are necessary for Indian students to pursue a Ph.D. abroad?

First and foremost, having a strong understanding of the subject they want to pursue is crucial. Having sound fundamentals in relevant subjects like biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology is also beneficial. Additionally, a well-written master’s thesis and good grades can significantly boost their application.

When it comes to biosciences, being proficient in various laboratory techniques commonly used in molecular research is essential. These techniques include DNA/RNA isolation, PCR, cloning, gel electrophoresis, protein purification, microscopy, and other molecular biology methods. Having hands-on experience and familiarity with these techniques is advantageous. Furthermore, gaining research experience through internships, projects, or publications in the relevant field can significantly enhance one’s application. Showing the ability to design experiments and analyse data is also essential. It’s helpful to be skilled in data analysis platforms like R or Python and have a basic understanding of statistical methods. Analysing and interpreting data, drawing meaningful conclusions, and identifying trends and patterns are highly regarded skills.

Effective scientific writing skills are vital for a Ph.D. student. Demonstrating the ability to write clear, concise, and well-structured scientific papers, research proposals, and reports is important. Strong oral communication skills for presenting research findings and actively participating in scientific discussions are also highly valued. Additionally, the ability to identify research gaps and propose innovative solutions to scientific questions reflects strong critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

In a research environment, highlighting teamwork skills, collaboration experience, and the ability to contribute to multidisciplinary research projects can be beneficial. Excellent time management and organisational skills are crucial for pursuing a Ph.D. Demonstrating the ability to handle multiple tasks, meet deadlines, and manage research projects efficiently are key factors for success in this rigorous journey.

Ultimately, it is essential to showcase your genuine passion for biological research. Express your enthusiasm for the field, specific research interests, and motivation to contribute to scientific advancements in your Ph.D. application. This passion will drive you throughout your doctoral journey.

It is important to note that specific skills and requirements may vary depending on the Ph.D. program, University, and country. It’s important to thoroughly research and understand the expectations and prerequisites of the programs you are interested in to ensure a well-informed application process.

How was your experience as an intern at Karishma Kaushik’s lab and the Serum Institute of India? Did these internships help you strengthen your resolve to pursue a Ph.D.?

During my undergraduate studies, I often felt a gap between my theoretical knowledge and its practical application. I had a strong interest in microbiology but wasn’t sure which specific topics intrigued me. I decided to pursue internships to bridge this gap and gain hands-on experience. I wanted to improve my ability to apply theoretical knowledge, familiarise myself with diverse laboratory techniques, and experience a natural industrial setting. These internships became crucial stepping stones, enabling me to explore my career interests and make informed decisions about my academic path. I hadn’t considered pursuing a Ph.D. at that time, but I was eager to learn and was open to new experiences.

Dr. Karishma Kaushik had an influence on my early career, whom I encountered as a guest speaker at a college event. She shared her research journey and determination to establish her lab in India. Inspired by her trajectory, I approached her for an internship opportunity. As she was in the initial stages of her research in India, she offered me the chance to co-author a review article with her. This endeavour was entirely new to me, and I eagerly embraced it. Through this internship, I discovered the extensive efforts involved in writing a review article, including extensive literature research, and the publishing process. The topic we worked on deepened my passion for microbiology and reaffirmed my commitment to pursuing further studies. Dr. Kaushik’s belief in my abilities during a time when few internships were available to undergraduates due to their perceived inexperience boosted my confidence significantly. Ultimately, the review article we co-authored was published in a reputed journal, marking a significant milestone in my early scientific career and shaping my understanding of the research publication process.

However, my desire for more hands-on laboratory experience and the development of practical skills led me to apply for an internship at the Serum Institute of India. Having studied viruses and vaccine production, I found it fascinating to witness the practical aspects of this field. The experience of working in an industrial environment, especially in handling viruses, proved to be vastly different. This internship exposed me to the dynamic nature of the industry, the intricacies of production workflows, and the daily challenges encountered. I acquired experience in equipment handling and learned analytical techniques specific to vaccine production. The professional and well-organised environment further enriched my experience. Additionally, interacting with professionals immersed in the field provided valuable networking opportunities. Overall, my experience at the Serum Institute of India was enriching.

Engaging in these internships throughout my undergraduate years not only bolstered my resume and provided industrial exposure but also played a pivotal role in my personal and intellectual growth. They enabled me to make well-informed decisions about my future career path, solidifying my commitment to the field of molecular biology.

What prompted you to join as a student assistant at the University of Bremen?

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, I relocated to Bremen, unfortunately arriving just in time for the second semester of my course. As a result, I had limited opportunities to explore the city or meet new people. The pandemic’s impact on social gatherings and events greatly restricted my ability to network and experience the international atmosphere I had anticipated in Germany.

However, amidst this challenging situation, I came across a promising opportunity: the Kompass program at the university’s international office was seeking a student assistant. Recognizing that this program closely collaborated with international communities and organised events to promote cultural exchange between international and German students, I viewed it as an ideal chance to acquire work experience and connect with diverse individuals. The added benefit of being paid for such a fulfilling role made it more appealing. Following a successful interview, I was offered the position of a student assistant.

What has the experience (of being a student assistant) taught you- with respect to your skill sets and learning?

The experience has been incredibly enriching, providing me with valuable insights and learnings. Firstly, it taught me the importance of teamwork and effective time management. As part of the role, I learned how to plan and execute events, enhancing my skills in event planning, organisation, and management. Managing the program’s social media page introduced me to the intricacies of online communication and the significance of adhering to specific rules and regulations. Furthermore, I gained experience in leading small projects and had the opportunity to address a large audience during an information session, which significantly boosted my public speaking abilities.

Interacting with diverse communities exposed me to different cultures, highlighting their unique aspects and shared values. This experience emphasised the potential for a harmonious coexistence and taught me the significance of embracing diversity. Additionally, I deepened my knowledge of Bremen, the University, and the German language through my interactions and involvement with the international office. A particular highlight was being featured on the flyer of the international office—an opportunity that filled me with immense excitement.

Moreover, being surrounded by talented colleagues who taught me various skills, such as video editing and podcasting, was truly invaluable. The experience of being part of this group of individuals from whom I learned so much was both rewarding and inspiring.

Kompass offered a refreshing change from my daily life in the lab as a scientist, providing me with invaluable skills that could also be applied to my scientific career.
Sonam Shinde Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 26

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Praveen Sappa, who is passionate about insect technology and runs two biotechnology ventures that leverage the advantages of this technology in the sustainability sector. In this candid chat, he shares his entrepreneurial journey, the lessons he picked up while building his two companies and his views about sustainability.  

What inspired you to pursue a career in science, and how did that journey lead you towards becoming an entrepreneur?

Briefly, I have always been curious about everything related to science since childhood, which led me towards pursuing a career in that subject. It became clear to me early on that my interest in science was mainly because I was great at admiring everything related to nature. I was almost close to pursuing medicine, but opted for pure science instead and completed my Bachelor’s degree in Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemistry, followed by a Master’s degree in Biochemistry at the University of Hyderabad. Later, I decided to pursue a PhD abroad and spent five years in Germany conducting various postdoctoral research projects. Over a period of time, I realized that Academia often lacked application-oriented science and is focused mainly on basic research. Hence, I thought of pursuing an MBA, but eventually realized that it would be  more sensible to gain industry experience  and  I set aside the idea of joining an immediate MBA. During my time in Germany, I gained a deep understanding & interest for sustainability, the environment, and related subjects. This made me  curious and I tried to look for  technologies that could contribute to sustainability while offering significant opportunities for a positive change. In 2011, I discovered Insect Technology through a tech video, and it ticked all my boxes and also aligned perfectly with my criteria for impactful as well as science-oriented business opportunity. Over the years, I observed and tried to keep a track on the progress in the field while waiting for someone to make a significant impact in India. Unfortunately, no one started it on a scale that could be truly impactful. In 2018, I made the decision to leave academia as I realized that I needed a more dynamic environment to excel. Through my journey I understood the importance of figuring out what suits me the best, while catering to my curiosity. By pursuing these goals, I aimed to create value for society, the company, and myself and Insect technology aligned perfectly with all my aspirations. In 2018, I returned to India, despite having zero knowledge of entrepreneurship at that time. I took a plunge, and after five years of dedicated effort, I have managed to grow my company- Holocene Ecosolutions, into a two million USD enterprise. Currently, we have also embarked on a new venture – Arthro Biotech, focusing on uses of Insect Biotechnology other than waste management.  

What sparked your passion for nature’s way of solving problems? Was there a particular event or experience that inspired you?

As a child, I would spend a lot of time observing fishes, animals, and insects- everything that has to do with nature and questioning the way things happened in nature. Whether it was sitting by a lake or near a rainwater drain, I was captivated by nature’s intricacies. This curiosity has remained within me as an integral part of who I am today. It’s very important to recognize and reconnect with your core essence and align your life goals accordingly. When your profession is driven by something that genuinely motivates you every day, not just for financial profit or career advancement, it becomes truly fulfilling. No one told me to go to a lake and observe fish or catch them; it was an innate part of me. In Germany, where I had more time, I found a quieter environment for myself. Unlike India, where everyone is caught up in the business of life, Germany gave me some space and time to reflect on my thoughts. I had a reef tank aquarium at my place, and I invested some time and resources into perfecting it naturally and sustainably, avoiding artificial additives. Eventually, I developed a self-cleaning aquarium that also required very little feeding. This hobby of mine exemplified the slow, thoughtful approach inspired by nature. This is how nature’s way of observing & doing things came to me.

This way, I gradually understood the relationship between sustainability and my own curiosity. If you understand how sustainability works, you can then apply nature’s way of dealing things into a business context. This realization and  evolution of thought shaped my path forward. 

Can you briefly explain the primary difference between your two companies Holocene & Arthro Biotech in terms of their goals as well as the focus areas?

The core vision of Holocene primarily revolves around the development of insect technology. Initially, the company focused on waste management, which also remains its ongoing endeavor. Although I am no longer in an executive position at Holocene, I still hold shares in that company, and its regular operations continue as before. However, the reason behind establishing a new company was to explore different applications of insect technology beyond waste management. With Arthro Biotech, we aim to specifically explore the sector of clean commodities. In the animal feed sector, fish meal obtained from the ocean is commonly used to feed the inland fishes. This is a “fish-in-fish-out” concept, which involves extracting fish from the ocean to feed fish and shrimp on land, resulting in an unsustainable ratio – such as: four fish taken from the ocean to produce one fish on land. This approach is not only environmentally unsustainable, but also economically inefficient. The fish meal industry itself is valued at around $7 billion. Here is where insect protein comes into picture and plays a crucial role. By utilizing insect ingredients, we aim to replace fish meal, allowing fish to remain in their natural habitat and making the animal supply chain more sustainable. Moreover, we have access to tons of insect biomass on a daily basis. Insect biomass is relatively unexplored in both academic and industrial settings. Insects contain numerous valuable molecules beyond just protein and fat, including substances that can be important for the cosmetics and nutraceutical industries, such as antimicrobial peptides, melanin, and chitin. Our objective is to extract and utilize these molecules; producing biopesticides and exploring the potential to develop recombinant proteins. We see the transformation of the chemical industry, gradually shifting towards enzymatic processes. Chemical processes often contribute significantly to environmental pollution and lack the purity found in enzymatic processes. Industries require cost-effective enzymes, similar to those used in detergents. Insects possess the ability to rapidly increase their biomass, multiplying by up to 2,000-fold in just ten days. We aim to harness this tremendous growth potential to produce enzymes and proteins for various industrial applications, both for human as well as industrial use. So that was the major driving point for us to have two separate companies- Holocene, for waste management and Arthro Biotech for clean commodities using insect technology.

Could you elaborate a bit more on how insect technology utilizes the distinct biological characteristics of insects to effectively tackle global challenges, such as waste management, in a manner that is both sustainable and efficient?

In the past, and even today in some villages, food waste was disposed of in dump yards  near homes. Insects naturally thrive in these dumps, and chickens would feed on these insects, and the nutrients would eventually find their way back into the food cycle when chickens are consumed by humans.Thus, nutrients are recycled from food waste naturally. This process of insects decomposing organic materials and recycling nutrients back into the food chain occurred without any human intervention. However, in modern times, the waste degradation process takes place through anaerobic digestion, where methane is released and leachate goes to the groundwater. In such a scenario, insects (which may in fact be faster than bacteria in degrading waste) are not able to contribute towards the waste degradation process. Our mission is to reintroduce insects into the waste management system and thus, by and large- into the economy. By doing so, we aim to recycle nutrients and restore them back to the food system.

The insects which we use are black soldier flies (BSF). BSF is a naturally occurring species that primarily feeds on soft and decaying materials. While it can consume fruits, it is unable to digest plant residue such as leaves or branches due to their lignin or cellulose content. However, there are other insects specifically suited for processing such materials- such as locusts, although they are often considered pests. Nevertheless, if there is a specific need, controlled facilities can be established, even for those types of insects. However, utmost caution must be taken due to the risks involved. On the other hand, BSF are relatively simpler to manage, and we do not encounter significant concerns. In fact, there have been numerous publications (approximately 6,000), available in PubMed, and none of them suggest any negative aspects associated with BSF as compared to other insects.

In the year 2021 you received the BIRAC Big Grant to upcycle Abattoir waste Could you share your approach towards treating Abattoir waste and the overall experience throughout this entire process?

The journey with Abattoir waste was quite interesting for us! The modern-day abattoirs hide a complex world beyond what is visible to us. It was eye-opening to understand the business model behind these facilities. Each day, the abattoirs we worked with would slaughter around 2,000 buffaloes a day. They have around six to seven such plants across India and export buffalo meat. But have you ever wondered where these buffaloes come from? They are in fact sourced from the dairy industry. After around five years of milk production, the buffaloes are sent to the slaughterhouses. Unlike cows, buffaloes do not have shelters (goshalas) and are considered redundant. Consequently, they all end up in the abattoirs. Slaughtering 2,000 buffaloes daily requires a huge amount of water, resulting in the release of a significant amount of water waste. The abattoirs use approximately two lakh tons of water per day, and this water contains suspended solids comprising protein, fat, blood amongst other substances, that make up about 70 tons of the total volume. Consequently, this 70-ton sludge needs to be treated appropriately. The abattoirs had been employing some not so useful methods, but we proposed the implementation of the black soldier fly- technology. This sludge being highly nutritious can be a valuable resource. The factory had attempted to dry out the sludge and use it in briquettes. However, our proposal involved treating it with BSF and converting it into compost. The proteins and fats present in the sludge could be transformed into insect protein by the black soldier flies. The factory, having its own pet food division, could utilize the insect protein in their pet feed. We offered them three successful trials at different scales to demonstrate this feasibility- the technology and the results were impressive!

How do your companies (Holocene & Arthro Biotech) handle waste generated during the upcycling process, and how do you maintain a balance between waste generation and the amount of waste utilized for upcycling?

The main principle of insect technology is that there is no waste generation. For example, if we are processing 100 tons, we may generate only around 500 kilograms of Insect waste and at Arthro Biotech, we are isolating valuable compounds such as chitin and melanin from the very little amount of waste generated. We are trying to create a revenue-generating biotechnology model even with this little waste generated. In general, if waste is being produced, it indicates a lack of understanding of deriving value from it. In my opinion, there is no such thing as waste in nature. As humans, we sometimes label things as waste which may in fact become a valuable resource for a different industry, it is just dependent on the way we look at it.

Looking back, what do you consider the most critical factors that contributed to the success of Holocene? Are there any specific milestones or achievements that you are particularly proud of? 

My journey in a way was a little different. I had financial support from a company that was also a family-run business. This had its own advantages as well as disadvantages. Leveraging their capital and infrastructure allowed us to progress to some extent, but it also took us three years to fully understand the potential of black soldier flies (BSF) and build a business model around BSF insect technology. If you go through a professional setting such as an accelerator or incubator, the process would likely have been faster, requiring less financial investment. In an incubator or accelerator one can get an opportunity to engage with different individuals, bounce ideas, receive feedback, and also explore many opportunities. As an entrepreneur, it is crucial to engage with as many people as possible; expanding your repertoire of thoughts beyond what is visible. I didn’t follow this approach initially, but I would highly recommend it to anyone who is starting new. Surround yourself with a supportive and knowledgeable environment, seek guidance, help from others, and never hesitate to ask for help, regardless of how small or insignificant it may appear. I myself practice this regularly. When it came to milestones in our journey it involved overcoming the major bottleneck of BSF breeding, which required significant effort. Thus, the first milestone was reached when we were able to produce a sizable amount of BSF. Once we achieved success in this area, other aspects such as developing downstream technologies and constructing a scalable business model was more on the manageable side. This progress took us forward in the field of waste management.

How can scientific institutions and researchers incorporate sustainability considerations into their work? What steps can be taken to ensure that scientific advancements align with sustainable principles and goals?

Generally, academics develop basic technologies, and I believe that it is the responsibility of companies to recognize their potential and commercialize them. This is why I have envisioned a healthy dialogue between the academia and the industry.  In Germany, there is an excellent relationship between academia and industry. For instance, Airbus, a European company mainly located in France and Germany, collaborates closely with universities, and vocational courses are designed keeping the company in mind. Apart from this, the establishment of ‘Clusters of Excellence’ allows for a greater interaction between Academia and Industry. These clusters attract companies that wish to participate and contribute to the technological advancements being developed by universities within the cluster. Once the technologies are developed, the companies commercialize them, often with a small royalty paid to the academic institution which had developed that particular technology. These types of interactions highlight the importance of aligning academia and industry on a common path.

Unfortunately, in India, academia and industry often fail to work together due to a lack of understanding and communication between the both. Academics may struggle to understand industry language, while industry doesn’t understand academia’s bureaucracy. Bridging this gap is crucial, and I believe that individuals like me can play an important role in facilitating active collaboration between academia and industry as it is of a personal interest to me.  

What are your thoughts on the future of sustainability as a career path? How do you see the field evolving, and what opportunities do you foresee for individuals passionate about sustainability?

Looking back over the past century, from 1900 to 2000, sustainability was neglected, not valued, and overlooked. But today, everything is being viewed through a sustainability lens, including investments and stock markets. Every sector, from automobiles to electronics, food, and construction, is moving toward sustainability. There is no other way; we must share resources in a sustainable manner rather than exploiting one side and neglecting the other. Sustainability is being deeply ingrained into our economic systems.

As a sustainability enthusiast, I feel that it is very important to find your niche, identify gaps and opportunities in a particular field, and build a sustainable business model; or join a company that shares the same vision. There are no shortcuts to sustainability; it requires dedicated effort due to the extensive damage that we have created over the years. New age companies are recognizing the value of sustainability to survive. Even the government is coming up with plans to reduce carbon emissions and meet international commitments, such as the Paris Climate Accord. This is the era for sustainability. Briefly the journey of human civilisations has been – Hunter gatherers to Agriculture to Industrialization and now, we are moving towards Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable Industrialization.
Aishwarya Muriki Author
Career Stories

Career Stories: Chapter 25

Academia Plus

In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Kasturi Mahadik, who is passionate about science communication and is an active volunteer for several science communication-related activities and organizations. She is currently affiliated to the Center for Predictive Human Model Systems. In this candid chat, she talks in length about her career journey, her love for science communication and the valuable lessons she has learnt so far. 

Could you provide an insight into the day-to-day responsibilities and duties of the positions that you have held within the Center for Predictive Human Model Systems?

Sure. I can perhaps start with my former position ie. Senior Research Associate-

I hold a Ph.D. in human health and diseases and later went on to work with stem cell biology during my postdoc. These experiences were integral to my position as a senior research associate, as in this capacity, my primary responsibility involved communicating with scientists and industrialists about advanced 21st-century models, such as organoids and organ-on-chips, which closely emulate human biology. My role was to investigate the limited adoption of these models and identify any challenges associated with their implementation.

On a day-to-day basis, I would engage in scheduled meetings with senior staff, including scientists and industrialists, to discuss the project and gather valuable insights and opinions. Effectively communicating the required information to run the project was also a significant aspect of my responsibilities. Additionally, I would synthesize the information from these discussions into visual representations, such as figures and informed articles. Though my work did not entail direct bench work, it was research-oriented in nature.

Currently, I hold the position of a Chief Manager–

In this position, I think I give my work a sense of more purpose and direction, as to where our organization wants to head. I oversee day-to-day activities that are happening at CPHMS. This means that I coordinate the day-to-day work with our lean time. It could be planning and promoting our events, could be about script writing for our Back to the Future series – which involves a virtual tour of labs and organizations all across India; or organizing our videos. It could also be about writing articles- we usually write popular science and academic articles about how this field is developing in India. And then we have some initiatives which need larger funding. So I also undertake the writing of grant proposals that we present to potential funders to obtain financial support.

I see that you have interned for a short period as a science communicator at NCBS, after your PhD. Did your interest in science communication develop during your PhD or was it after your PhD?

While pursuing my Ph.D., I found myself extensively engaged in various scientific writing tasks, including manuscripts, reviews, thesis comments, and grant proposals for my lab. This experience not only bolstered my confidence in writing about scientific concepts but also kindled an interest in exploring science communication as a potential avenue for my career. Additionally, I had a penchant for art, and I even designed a cover illustration for an academic manuscript that was successfully accepted in a journal.

Despite having completed successful projects during your science communication internship at NCBS, what motivated you to pursue a postdoctoral position?

As my Ph.D. journey approached its conclusion, I had already received a postdoc offer, but I wanted to explore the world of science communication before leaving India. This opportunity materialized when the NCBS internship was advertised, coinciding with the completion of my work in the lab. Despite the secure option of proceeding directly to a postdoc, I decided to take a leap and pursue the internship, as Bangalore, where NCBS is located, was a vibrant hub for science communication activities at that time. Though I was initially unsure about the breadth of opportunities in science communication, I am grateful that I proved myself wrong. The internship experience broadened my horizons and revealed that science communication could indeed be a fulfilling career path. Looking back, I am glad I took the opportunity to explore science communication during my internship. 

What are some effective strategies or approaches you use to communicate complex scientific concepts to a non-expert audience?

One of the key aspects of effective science communication is to avoid assuming that the audience lacks knowledge. Over time, I have come to realize that the audience is often quite intelligent, and our role as communicators is to present information in a manner that they can understand and empathize with. To achieve this, I make an effort to relate to the audience’s experiences and identify commonalities in our communication styles. By framing my talks in a relatable context, I can bridge the gap between scientific jargon and everyday experiences. By breaking down complex ideas into digestible pieces and using analogies or visual aids, I aim to make the concepts accessible and engaging to a wider audience. Keeping the language simple also plays a crucial role in ensuring that complex concepts are comprehensible to a broader audience.

What motivates you to actively engage in volunteering for science-related activities and organizations? How do you see these experiences contributing to your personal and professional growth?

Well, it has had a significant impact on both aspects. Being able to see how my work translates to various communities is truly impactful and what drives me to continue with science communication.

Personally, I am an introvert and don’t easily make friends or engage in conversations. However, communicating my work forces me to put myself out there and step out of my comfort zone. It’s a great exercise in talking to people and improving my communication skills.

Professionally, the work I do in science communication uplifts entire communities. Our aim is to make a difference not just to a specific project, like understanding the role of a specific gene in a disease, but at a broader level by bringing together the entire community. I take immense pride in this work. It’s unique that an organization focused on science communication, without conducting its own research, is able to unite scientists and support their growth. I believe this approach can have a significant impact in the future.

In Project Encephalon, as a mentor for The Mind Gala, why did you choose to communicate neuroscience to the uninitiated through writing relatable content?

The Mind Gala was initiated by Dr. Poonam Thakur, a faculty at IISER, Trivandrum, with the goal of raising the profile of neuroscience in India. There are no undergraduate programs for neuroscience in India and even at a postgraduate level, there are very few institutes that provide a course in neuroscience. This means that for most students, neuroscience would come only at Ph.D. level. Project Encephalon aims to bridge that gap and make neuroscience accessible to the masses. Personally, I believe in the importance of neuroscience and its potential to unravel the mysteries of the human brain.

I mentored 6 students in this program. When communicating neuroscience through Project Encephalon, our approach was to simplify complex concepts and make them accessible to a broader audience. We strive to break down intricate ideas into understandable pieces, ensuring that even individuals who may find neuroscience daunting can grasp the fundamental concepts. By presenting neuroscience in an approachable manner, we hope to foster interest and engagement in this fascinating field.

Could you explain a bit about your experience at The Pint of Science Festival in Paris?

The Pint of Science Festival is a remarkable global event that invites volunteers to conduct science talks in cafes over three evenings. The primary objective of the event is to bridge the gap between science and the public by conducting science talks in local cafes. Prior arrangements are made with the cafe managers, and nominally priced tickets are sold to individuals interested in attending the event. These talks are not spontaneous discussions in a cafe but are meticulously prepared to ensure a clear and engaging presentation of scientific concepts. The scientists also try to engage with the local public and present the scientific concepts in a way that is accessible and engaging. I had the privilege of being a part of this festival as a volunteer.

What is something you wish you knew earlier in your career-an advice that you would give your younger self?

I have reflected on this question, and I believe that regretting past decisions doesn’t serve us well. Looking back, there isn’t something specific that I would change or regret. However, if I were to offer advice to my younger self, it would be to emphasize the importance of reading. Often, we underestimate the value of reading and place too much emphasis on practical experience alone. There is a wealth of information available through reading, and it can provide valuable insights and a foundational understanding of various subjects. By immersing myself in reading, I would have been able to grasp the essence of different areas of interest and gain a deeper perspective. So, my advice to my younger self would be to read more, reread, and absorb as much knowledge as possible.
Anila Sudhir Author