In this chapter of Career Stories, we bring you the story of Shivani Nadkarni, who is currently pursuing a PhD at the University of Bremen in Germany. Shivani pursued her bachelors in India and moved on to pursue higher studies in Germany. In this candid chat, she talks about her journey so far, elaborates upon the challenges she faced while transitioning into an international learning atmosphere and talks about her various internship experiences and their contributions towards her personal and professional growth.
You did your bachelors in microbiology. What inspired you to pursue a master’s in biochemistry and molecular biology?
The study of the fascinating properties and applications of microbes always intrigued me. The desire to deepen my understanding of the remarkable complexities within these tiny organisms first took seed during my high school days, thanks to an inspiring biology teacher who had studied microbiology. During my undergraduate studies, I had the opportunity to explore various affiliated subjects, wherein we explored the molecular basis of biological processes, consisting of a multitude of harmoniously working protein systems, their encoding genes, and the variety of factors modulating these genes. I seemed to have a natural penchant for the aspects of my studies dealing with DNA and its associated processes while studying biochemical pathways was a pleasant challenge that motivated me to master it. Consequently, a master’s degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology seemed like a logical progression facilitating me to embrace a subject I am truly passionate about while also conquering the challenges I faced in biochemistry.
Despite discussing these fields separately, I recognize their inherent interdisciplinary nature. Thus, all the knowledge accrued throughout my formal university education has aided me in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate functioning of bacteria at the molecular level. However, I am and will always be a microbiologist!
An interesting footnote in my journey so far was that, when considering my options for a master’s degree, I was initially most inclined to pursue immunology. However, upon reflecting on the decision I made, I harbour no regrets. The path I have chosen has allowed me to align my passion for microbiology with the challenge of mastering biochemistry and molecular biology, ultimately strengthening my skills and knowledge as a researcher.
How was the transition from Savitribai Phule Pune University to the University of Bremen – with respect to the education system, lab skills, and culture?
The transition presented significant challenges as I shifted from an academic environment that emphasised on theoretical understanding to one that placed a greater emphasis on a research-oriented and practical approach.
At Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), the predominant modes of teaching and evaluation revolved around lectures, textbooks, and examinations. This educational system ingrained in me from an early stage a strong focus on building a theoretical foundation, fostering discipline, critical thinking, and compelling articulation of concepts. Throughout my bachelor’s program, I covered a broad range of coursework that encompassed not only microbiology but also subjects such as Zoology and Chemistry. This exposure to diverse subjects provided me with a well-rounded education and nurtured a broader perspective.
However, the practical lab work at SPPU was relatively limited in scope, allowing for exposure to only basic skills and methods. Additionally, the larger class size of around 40 students resulted in some limitations in terms of materials, equipment, and hands-on experience. Nevertheless, navigating these challenges fostered adaptability, problem-solving skills, and resourcefulness, which have proven beneficial in my academic and professional journey. While I did engage in internships during my undergraduate years, they were not integrated into the formal coursework, and I did not undertake a bachelor’s thesis, leaving me with limited research experience.
Contrasting with my previous experience, the coursework at the University of Bremen strongly emphasised a research-intensive and practical learning environment. After an initial semester of lectures, the remainder of the program offered hands-on experiences that fostered scientific communication skills and allowed me to explore research carried out by various labs, covering a wide range of research topics. A fundamental difference is that each professor led a whole working group of diverse researchers addressing a given topic. This enabled exposure to an active research environment. I had the opportunity to enrol in short elective courses offered by these labs, exploring topics that piqued my interest. Lab rotations throughout the course enabled me to acquire diverse methods and techniques while gaining valuable insight into the functioning of a laboratory. The University provided ample opportunities to engage in research activities, such as participating in ongoing projects, collaborating with faculty members, and working in relatively well-equipped laboratories. Undertaking my master’s thesis was a pivotal step toward understanding experimental design and the publication process in scientific research. Examinations during my master’s program predominantly focused on oral assessments and discussions, emphasising the articulation of scientific concepts. The University of Bremen boasts a diverse community of students and researchers from around the world, fostering ample opportunities for international exposure and cross-cultural interactions.
Both experiences had distinct merits and demerits, but in retrospect, I was provided with what I needed at that stage of my journey, and hence, I am indeed grateful for both these unique experiences. The differences I experienced could also be due to the distinction between undergraduate and postgraduate studies.
In addition to the educational transition, I encountered challenges stemming from various factors. The disparities in German culture, cuisine, lifestyle, and weather, differing significantly from my upbringing in India, necessitated a continual adjustment process that I am still undergoing. Furthermore, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during my relocation further exacerbated the difficulties I faced. However, addressing all these facets is beyond the scope of this interview.
What motivated you to pursue a Ph.D.?
After contemplating for nearly a year, I have reached a decisive answer to the question of my post-graduation aspirations: pursuing a Ph.D.! Embarking on this academic journey is akin to entering a vast ocean of knowledge, where each wave of curiosity and perseverance propels me closer to the shores of groundbreaking discoveries and personal growth.
Initially, I was inclined towards securing a research assistant position in a biotech or bio-pharma company. Starting a job after completing my master’s degree would have allowed me to gain practical experience in a professional environment, aligning with my goal of eventually working in the industry. Additionally, a job would have provided immediate financial stability, which was a significant consideration then. However, my job search presented challenges. Some positions required a Ph.D., while others demanded specialised skills that I was yet to acquire. Moreover, my limited proficiency in the German language hindered my ability to find suitable opportunities. Furthermore, committing to an industry job felt premature as it would have confined me to a specific role in my early career.
On the other hand, my passion for laboratory work and research became increasingly evident. I possessed a strong desire to engage in independent research, explore new frontiers of scientific knowledge, and contribute to advancements in my field. The intellectual freedom inherent in pursuing a Ph.D. served as a significant motivator. Engaging in enlightening discussions with Ph.D. students at different stages of their academic journeys and recent graduates further fortified my conviction. They shared invaluable insights about the advanced career prospects, expertise enhancement, and increased earning potential associated with holding a doctorate.
During my master’s thesis, I delved into the captivating realm of antisense RNA-mediated regulation in bacteria, which sparked a deep love for this subject. The astounding capabilities of RNA, beyond my previous understanding, opened doors to exciting new ideas. My curiosity was genuinely piqued, especially after attending a conference on RNA biology that further intensified my interest in antisense RNA research. Consequently, when the head of the working group where I was doing my master’s thesis offered me a Ph.D. position on the same topic, everything fell seamlessly into place. It felt like the missing piece of the puzzle in my mind had been discovered, prompting me to seize this opportunity to pursue a Ph.D. This journey will enable me to work closely with experienced researchers, receive valuable mentorship from senior members of the working group, and establish connections within academic and professional communities. The Ph.D. program provides an opportunity to gain further work experience, learn new methods and techniques, and dedicate ample time to improving my German speaking skills.
As a dedicated and persevering student, I wholeheartedly embrace the challenges of pursuing a Ph.D. Challenges are inherent in a researcher’s life and serve as catalysts for personal and intellectual growth. I eagerly embark on this transformative journey with determination and an optimistic mindset. I eagerly anticipate the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, ultimately propelling me toward becoming an independent researcher. The motivation within me knows no bounds.
What do you think is the difference between pursuing a Ph.D. in India vs. one from abroad – US, Europe, and Australia (in terms of the lab environment, work-life balance, and future opportunities in academia and industry)?
Pursuing a Ph.D. can be a rewarding academic journey, whether in India or abroad. Both options offer unique opportunities and factors to consider, shaping your research experience and future career.
The research infrastructure and resources available at international universities abroad include cutting-edge facilities, well-equipped laboratories, and access to the latest technologies. This can significantly enhance the quality and scope of research projects, fostering innovation and collaboration. However, it’s worth noting that many Indian institutions also offer excellent research infrastructure.
Pursuing a Ph.D. abroad provides opportunities for international exposure and engagement with diverse research communities. Interacting with researchers from different cultural backgrounds facilitates cross-disciplinary collaborations, broadens perspectives, and encourages an exchange of ideas. Building a global network during this journey can be invaluable for future collaborations and career opportunities. India also has a vibrant research community with ample chances for collaboration with experts in various fields.
The structure of Ph.D. programs varies across countries. In Europe, particularly in Germany, programs can range from structured programs with a formal coursework, to individual Ph.D. focused primarily on research. The coursework in structured programs provides specialised knowledge and research skills, while fully funded individual PhDs offer flexibility to tailor the research project to one’s interests. Teaching responsibilities may vary but are not mandatory for all Ph.D. students in Germany. In the United States, students typically enrol in structured Ph.D. programs involving academic coursework, lab rotations, teaching or mentoring responsibilities, and a formal project proposal before commencing their thesis work. Ph.D. programs in Australia, similar to Europe, can be either part of structured programs or offer fully funded individual Ph.D. positions. In India, while structured programs exist, there is no obligation towards academic coursework or teaching duties, although lab rotations may still be required. These variations also impact the duration of the Ph.D. journey, with the average completion time being around 3-4 years in Europe (Germany), 4-5 years in Australia, and 3-6 years in the United States and India.
Skill development is crucial in any Ph.D. journey, regardless of the country. Technical skills are gained through hands-on experience and exposure to various research techniques, enhancing research expertise. Skills such as independent critical thinking, time management, and communication are equally valuable and can be worked on throughout the Ph.D. journey.
The lab environment plays a pivotal role in the Ph.D. journey, influencing relationships with mentors, colleagues, and labmates and shaping the overall experience. Pursuing a Ph.D. abroad offers unique opportunities to engage with diverse lab communities and establish meaningful connections. Although cultural differences may present initial challenges, actively seeking to understand and adapt to different perspectives fosters the development of deep friendships. I believe that regardless of where one pursues their PhD, it is beneficial for students to establish strong bonds within their research groups, contributing to a supportive and collaborative atmosphere. The functioning of the lab and interactions with lab colleagues significantly contribute to the Ph.D. experience. Experienced supervisors and mentors offer invaluable support throughout the research process.
Networking opportunities are essential for Ph.D. students, providing avenues for collaboration, knowledge exchange, and personal growth. Conferences, workshops, seminars, informal discussions, and career events offer platforms to expand one’s network and enhance communication skills. Both India and abroad offer networking opportunities allowing students to build connections within their field.
Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is a common concern for Ph.D. students worldwide. Strategies such as establishing designated work hours, scheduling regular breaks, delegating tasks, investing in self-care and leisure activities, and fostering open communication with colleagues and loved ones can help achieve a better balance between work and personal life. Although challenges may arise in any Ph.D. program, proactive efforts can provide a more balanced experience.
Ultimately, the choice between pursuing a Ph.D. in India or abroad depends on personal preferences, research interests, career aspirations, and the specific opportunities available. When making this decision, it’s important to carefully evaluate factors such as research infrastructure, international exposure, academic structure, mentorship, funding, and individual circumstances. Embracing this opportunity for growth, exploration, and making a lasting impact in your chosen field could be a key to a successful Ph.D. journey!
According to you, what skills are necessary for Indian students to pursue a Ph.D. abroad?
First and foremost, having a strong understanding of the subject they want to pursue is crucial. Having sound fundamentals in relevant subjects like biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology is also beneficial. Additionally, a well-written master’s thesis and good grades can significantly boost their application.
When it comes to biosciences, being proficient in various laboratory techniques commonly used in molecular research is essential. These techniques include DNA/RNA isolation, PCR, cloning, gel electrophoresis, protein purification, microscopy, and other molecular biology methods. Having hands-on experience and familiarity with these techniques is advantageous. Furthermore, gaining research experience through internships, projects, or publications in the relevant field can significantly enhance one’s application. Showing the ability to design experiments and analyse data is also essential. It’s helpful to be skilled in data analysis platforms like R or Python and have a basic understanding of statistical methods. Analysing and interpreting data, drawing meaningful conclusions, and identifying trends and patterns are highly regarded skills.
Effective scientific writing skills are vital for a Ph.D. student. Demonstrating the ability to write clear, concise, and well-structured scientific papers, research proposals, and reports is important. Strong oral communication skills for presenting research findings and actively participating in scientific discussions are also highly valued. Additionally, the ability to identify research gaps and propose innovative solutions to scientific questions reflects strong critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.
In a research environment, highlighting teamwork skills, collaboration experience, and the ability to contribute to multidisciplinary research projects can be beneficial. Excellent time management and organisational skills are crucial for pursuing a Ph.D. Demonstrating the ability to handle multiple tasks, meet deadlines, and manage research projects efficiently are key factors for success in this rigorous journey.
Ultimately, it is essential to showcase your genuine passion for biological research. Express your enthusiasm for the field, specific research interests, and motivation to contribute to scientific advancements in your Ph.D. application. This passion will drive you throughout your doctoral journey.
It is important to note that specific skills and requirements may vary depending on the Ph.D. program, University, and country. It’s important to thoroughly research and understand the expectations and prerequisites of the programs you are interested in to ensure a well-informed application process.
How was your experience as an intern at Karishma Kaushik’s lab and the Serum Institute of India? Did these internships help you strengthen your resolve to pursue a Ph.D.?
During my undergraduate studies, I often felt a gap between my theoretical knowledge and its practical application. I had a strong interest in microbiology but wasn’t sure which specific topics intrigued me. I decided to pursue internships to bridge this gap and gain hands-on experience. I wanted to improve my ability to apply theoretical knowledge, familiarise myself with diverse laboratory techniques, and experience a natural industrial setting. These internships became crucial stepping stones, enabling me to explore my career interests and make informed decisions about my academic path. I hadn’t considered pursuing a Ph.D. at that time, but I was eager to learn and was open to new experiences.
Dr. Karishma Kaushik had an influence on my early career, whom I encountered as a guest speaker at a college event. She shared her research journey and determination to establish her lab in India. Inspired by her trajectory, I approached her for an internship opportunity. As she was in the initial stages of her research in India, she offered me the chance to co-author a review article with her. This endeavour was entirely new to me, and I eagerly embraced it. Through this internship, I discovered the extensive efforts involved in writing a review article, including extensive literature research, and the publishing process. The topic we worked on deepened my passion for microbiology and reaffirmed my commitment to pursuing further studies. Dr. Kaushik’s belief in my abilities during a time when few internships were available to undergraduates due to their perceived inexperience boosted my confidence significantly. Ultimately, the review article we co-authored was published in a reputed journal, marking a significant milestone in my early scientific career and shaping my understanding of the research publication process.
However, my desire for more hands-on laboratory experience and the development of practical skills led me to apply for an internship at the Serum Institute of India. Having studied viruses and vaccine production, I found it fascinating to witness the practical aspects of this field. The experience of working in an industrial environment, especially in handling viruses, proved to be vastly different. This internship exposed me to the dynamic nature of the industry, the intricacies of production workflows, and the daily challenges encountered. I acquired experience in equipment handling and learned analytical techniques specific to vaccine production. The professional and well-organised environment further enriched my experience. Additionally, interacting with professionals immersed in the field provided valuable networking opportunities. Overall, my experience at the Serum Institute of India was enriching.
Engaging in these internships throughout my undergraduate years not only bolstered my resume and provided industrial exposure but also played a pivotal role in my personal and intellectual growth. They enabled me to make well-informed decisions about my future career path, solidifying my commitment to the field of molecular biology.
What prompted you to join as a student assistant at the University of Bremen?
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, I relocated to Bremen, unfortunately arriving just in time for the second semester of my course. As a result, I had limited opportunities to explore the city or meet new people. The pandemic’s impact on social gatherings and events greatly restricted my ability to network and experience the international atmosphere I had anticipated in Germany.
However, amidst this challenging situation, I came across a promising opportunity: the Kompass program at the university’s international office was seeking a student assistant. Recognizing that this program closely collaborated with international communities and organised events to promote cultural exchange between international and German students, I viewed it as an ideal chance to acquire work experience and connect with diverse individuals. The added benefit of being paid for such a fulfilling role made it more appealing. Following a successful interview, I was offered the position of a student assistant.
What has the experience (of being a student assistant) taught you- with respect to your skill sets and learning?
The experience has been incredibly enriching, providing me with valuable insights and learnings. Firstly, it taught me the importance of teamwork and effective time management. As part of the role, I learned how to plan and execute events, enhancing my skills in event planning, organisation, and management. Managing the program’s social media page introduced me to the intricacies of online communication and the significance of adhering to specific rules and regulations. Furthermore, I gained experience in leading small projects and had the opportunity to address a large audience during an information session, which significantly boosted my public speaking abilities.
Interacting with diverse communities exposed me to different cultures, highlighting their unique aspects and shared values. This experience emphasised the potential for a harmonious coexistence and taught me the significance of embracing diversity. Additionally, I deepened my knowledge of Bremen, the University, and the German language through my interactions and involvement with the international office. A particular highlight was being featured on the flyer of the international office—an opportunity that filled me with immense excitement.
Moreover, being surrounded by talented colleagues who taught me various skills, such as video editing and podcasting, was truly invaluable. The experience of being part of this group of individuals from whom I learned so much was both rewarding and inspiring.
Kompass offered a refreshing change from my daily life in the lab as a scientist, providing me with invaluable skills that could also be applied to my scientific career.
